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Clinical Chemistry 1 > 2nd Unit > Flashcards

2nd Unit Flashcards

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1
Q

In a centrifugal analyzer, centrifugal force is used to:
A. add reagents to the rotor
B. transfer liquids from the inner disc to the outer cuvette
C. measure changes in optical density in the centrifugal force field
D. counteract the tendency of precipitates to settle in the cuvette

A

B

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2
Q

The purpose of the nebulizer-atomizer in a flame photometer is to:
A. covert ions to atoms
B. cause rejection of an outer shell electron
C. reduce evaporation of the sample
D. burn off organic impurities

A

A

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3
Q

When the target is a microbial RNA or mRNA in a PCR, which of the following is true?
A. the RNA must be enzymatically converted to DNA by reverse transcriptase
B. RNA must be enzymatically converted to DNA by forward transcriptase
C. nothing should be done; PCR can process it
D. denature first the RNA by heating

A

A

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4
Q 
What kind of ion do mass spectrometers work with?
A. anion
B. cation 
C. neutral
D. at its isoelectric point
A

B

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5
Q 
Which of the following refers to a pO2 electrode?
A. Clark electrode
B. Severinghaus electrode
C. selective glass membrane
D. valinomycin-coated membrane
A

A

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6
Q

All of the following are advantages to automation EXCEPT:
B. increased numbers of tests performed
A. minimized labor component
C. correction for deficiencies inherent in methodologies
D. use of small amounts of samples and reagents in comparison to manual procedures

A

C

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7
Q 
Which of the following components is present in a GC and absent in an HPLC?
A. oven 
B. injection port
C. column
D. detector
A

A

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8
Q 
In what stage of the mass spectrometer are the ions deflected?
A. 1st
B. 2nd
C. 3rd
D. 4th
A

C

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9
Q 
Which of the following prevents the entrance of scattered light into the monochromator?
A. slit 
B. detector
C. cuvette
D. amplifier
A

A

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10
Q 
The first-ever automated clinical chemistry analyzer is a:
A. simultaneous multiple analyzer
B. Vitros analyzer
C. centrifugal analyzer
D. continuous-flow analyzer
A

D

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11
Q 
Which of the following is a component of both AAS and AES?
A. flame
B. hollow cathode lamp
C. internal standard
D. chopper
A

A

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12
Q 
Separation in this type of chromatography is achieved by differences in vapor pressure which affects the solubility of the substances in a high boiling point liquid:
A. paper
B. thin-layer
C. gas-liquid 
D. high performance liquid
A

C

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13
Q 
Which of the following support medium will the molecules migrate based mostly on their size?
A. agarose gel
B. starch gel 
C. polyacrylamide gel 
D. paper
A

C

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14
Q

Which instrument has its detector placed at the right angle from the light source?

  1. AAS
  2. Nephelometer
  3. Turbidimeter
  4. phosphometer

A. 1, 3
B. 2, 4
C. 1, 2, 3
D. 1, 2, 4

A

B

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15
Q

In MS, different ions are deflected by the magnetic field in different amount. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. lighter ions are deflected more than heavier ones
B. ions with 2 positive charges are deflected more than ones with only 1 positive charge
C. both A and B
D. neither A nor B

A

D

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16
Q 
Which of the following radiant energy has the shortest wavelength?
A. gamma-ray 
B. x-ray
C. infrared
D. microwave
A

A

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17
Q

Which of the following is not a driving force for more automation?
A. high-volume testing
B. fast turnaround time
C. expectation of high-quality, accurate results
D. increased use of chemistry panels

A

D

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18
Q 
What is the absorbance if the percent transmittance of a solution is 100%?
A. 0.301
B. 1.70
C. 2.00
D. 0.170
A

C

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19
Q 
Separation and analysis of low-molecular-weight substances are best achieved when this type of chromatography is used:
A. paper
B. thin-layer
C. gas-liquid 
D. high-performance liquid
A

C

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20
Q 
Which of the following chromatography system is characterized by a stationary phase of silica gel on a piece of glass and a moving phase of
liquid?
A. paper
B. thin-layer 
C. gas-liquid
D. high performance liquid
A

B

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21
Q 
Mass spectrometry identifies a compound based on its:
A. molecular weight 
B. molecular size
C. retention time
D. degree of ionization
A

A

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22
Q

What is the purpose of placing a second monochromator at a right angle to the light source in a fluorometer?
A. prevent loss of emitted light
B. prevent light from the light source from reaching the detector
C. prevent loss of the excitation light focus emitted and excitation light upon the detector
D. prevent emitted light from reaching the detector

A

B

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23
Q 
Which of the following is a feature seen in the Technicon AutoAnalyzer?
A. sequential testing 
B. batch testing
C. parallel testing
D. random access testing
A

A

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24
Q

Which of these electrodes does oxidation occur?
A. anode
B. cathode

A

A

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25
Q

Which of the following is not true regarding electrophoresis?
A. an ampholyte is a molecule whose net charge can either be positive or negative
B. if the buffer is more acidic than the isoelectric point of the ampholyte, the ampholytes becomes negatively charged !
C. anions migrate to the anode
D. an amino acid at its pI will not migrate in the support medium

A

B

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26
Q

A double-beam (in space) spectrophotometer has
A. 2 cell holders, rotating discs, and a detector
B. 2 cell holders, 2 detectors, and a beam splitter
C. 1 cell holder, a rotating disc, and 2 detectors
D. 1 cell holder, 1 detector, and a rotating disc

A

B

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27
Q 
Which of the following formulas is used in converting percent transmittance to absorbance?
A. 2 - log % T 
B. 2 + log % T
C. % T – log 2
D. log 2 / % T
A

A

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28
Q 
What is the preferred method for measuring analytes in dry slide technology?
A. PCR
B. nephelometry
C. fluorometry
D. reflectance photometry
A

D

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29
Q

A fluorometer measures the light that is:
A. polarized by the chemical reaction
B. scattered by insoluble particles produced by the reaction
C. emitted by excited electrons as they return to the ground state
D. absorbed by excited electrons as they return to the ground

A

C

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30
Q 
Which type of light refers tot he one that exits the cuvette?
A. transmittance
B. incidence
C. stay
D. full
A

A

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31
Q 
Which of the following techniques is used for the separation of a relatively small amounts of chemically closely related substances?
A. chromatography 
B. flameless atomic absorption
C. fluorometry
D. spectrophotometer
A

A

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32
Q 
Which of the following has random access capability?
A. simultaneous multiple analyzer
B. centrifugal analyzer
C. discrete analyzer 
D. continuous flow analyzer
A

C

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33
Q 
Which of the following is the most used titrant in coulometry?
A. gold
B. silver
C. chloride
D. potassium
A

B

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34
Q

An atomic absorption spectrophotometer
A. measures the scattered light
B. has monochromators that depend on the number of line spectra measured
C. has a mechanical chopper that alternately passes and block light at brief intervals
D. has a detector placed at 90oC from the cuvette

A

C

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35
Q

Chromatographic separation of a mixture of solutes is based on:
A. variable solubilities of solutes in the mobile and stationary phases
B. spectral differences of solutes in the mobile and stationary phases
C. selective degradation solutes by the mobile and stationary phases
D. differential distribution of solutes between the mobile and stationary phases

A

D

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36
Q 
Which of the following technique uses the principle that the more light absorbed by a turbid solution means that there is also higher analyte concentration?
A. atomic absorption
B. fluorometry
C. nephelometry
D. turbidimetry
A

D

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37
Q

Which of the following regarding retention time for gas chromatography is not correct?
A. Low boiling point means short retention time
B. High solubility in the liquid phase means short retention time
C. high column temperature shortens retention time
D. none of the above

A

B

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38
Q

A nephelometer measures the light that is:
A. polarized by the chemical reaction
B. scattered by insoluble particles produced by the reaction
C. emitted by excited electrons as they return to the ground state
D. absorbed by excited electrons as they return to the ground

A

B

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39
Q 
What is the purpose of lithium in sodium-potassium determination using flame emission method?
A. it serves as a standard
B. it is the internal standard
C. it serves as a blank
D. it is the control
A

B

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40
Q 
The carrier gas in a Gas Chromatography could be:
A. helium, argon, and nitrogen 
B. hydrogen, argon, and nitrogen
C. helium, oxygen, and argon
D. hydrogen, oxygen, and argon
A

A

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41
Q

Which of the following is TRUE regarding electrophoresis?
A. an amino acid at its pI will migrate towards the anode area of the support medium
B. if the buffer is more acidic than the isoelectric point of the ampholyte, the ampholytes becomes negatively charged
C. anions migrate to the cathode
D. an ampholyte is a molecule whose net charge can either be positive or negative

A

D

42
Q 
The Vitros XT 3400 Chemistry System can analyze 1,130 tests per hour if using their XT Microslides. This means that this machine can finish 18.8 tests per minute. Based on the given information, what is machine throughput?
A. 3,400
B. 1,130
C. 18.8
D. 60
A

B

43
Q 
Which of the following refers to a pCO2 electrode?
A. Clark electrode
B. Severinghaus electrode 
C. selective glass membrane
D. valinomycin-coated membrane
A

B

44
Q 
In detecting substances after electrophoretic separation, which of the following is incorrect?
A. S Ponceau – all proteins
B. silver staining – CSF proteins
C. Sudan black – enzyme of interest
D. Fat Red 7B - lipids
A

C

45
Q

Which of these electrodes does reduction occur?
A. anode
B. cathode

A

B

46
Q 
Separation and analysis of high-molecular-weight substances such as proteins and peptides are best achieved when this type of chromatography is used:
A. paper
B. thin-layer
C. gas-liquid
D. high-performance liquid
A

D

47
Q 
Which of the following is best used in measuring sodium concentration?
A. fluorometer
B. atomic absorption spectrophotometer
C. atomic emission spectrophotometer
D. turbidimeter
A

C

48
Q 
Which of the following refers to a reference electrode?
. potassium chloride
B. selective glass membrane
C. valinomycin-coated membrane
D. calomel electrode
A

D

49
Q

Which of the following is NOT true regarding chromatography?
A. paper chromatography is a type of planar chromatography
B. the separated components after chromatography is called an eluate
C. the mobile phase in a chromatography can be liquid or gas in form
D. the stationary phase in a chromatography is always solid in form

A

D

50
Q 
Which of the following is an example of a discrete analyzer?
A. Cobas Bio
B. SMA
C. Vitros
D. Chem1
A

C

51
Q 
Which photodetector is most sensitive to low levels of light?
A. barrier layer cell or photocell
B. photomultiplier tube 
C. phototube
D. none of the above
A

B

52
Q

Which of the following lists represents the light path through the components of a spectrophotometer beginning immediately after the light source?
A. entrance slit, sample cuvet, exit slit, monochromator, detector
B. entrance slit, monochromator, exit slit, sample cuvet, detector
C. monochromator, entrance slit, sample cuvet, exist slit, detector
D. monochromator, sample cuvet, entrance slit, detector, exit slit

A

B

53
Q

In a fluorometer, how does the light emitted by the specimen differ from the light absorbed?

  1. the emitted light is of a lower energy
  2. the emitted light is of a higher frequency
  3. the emitted light is of a longer wavelength
  4. the emitted light is of a shorter wavelength

A. 1, 3
B. 2, 4
C. 1, 2, 3
D. 1, 2, 4

A

A

54
Q 
Which type of monochromator functions by constructive interference of waves?
A. prism 
B. filter 
C. mercury arc
D. diffraction gratings
A

B

55
Q 
Which of the following is unique to the atomic absorption spectrophotometer?
A. Hollow Cathode Lamp 
B. Tungsten lamp
C. Atomizer
D. Cuvet holder
E. Chopper
A

A

56
Q 
Which of the following components is responsible for providing radiant energy?
A. cuvet
B. light source 
C. monochromator
D. detector
A

B

57
Q

Which of the following is not true regarding molecular techniques?
A. these assays target protein
B. consist of binding of a nucleic acid to its complementary target nucleic acid sequence
C. designed to detect changes at DNA or RNA level
D. none of the above

A

A

58
Q 
Which of the following refers to the infrared range?
A. 380-750 nm
B. 380 nm and below
C. 750-2000 nm 
D. 2000 nm and above
A

C

59
Q 
What specific column is employed in an HPLC if it uses a nonpolar stationary phase and a polar mobile system?
A. guard
B. normal-phase
C. reversed-phase 
D. abnormal-phase
A

C

60
Q

Which of these light sources are used in ultraviolet measurement?

  1. Deuterium lamp
  2. Xenon lamp
  3. Merst glower
  4. Hydrogen lamp

A. 1, 2, 3
B. 1, 2, 4
C. 3, 4
D. 1, 3

A

B

61
Q 
Which type of chemistry system is known to use lyophilized reagents?
A. wet chemistry 
B. dry chemistry
C. open reagent system
D. closed reagent system
A

A

62
Q 
Which of the following refers to a liquid junction?
A. potassium chloride
B. selective glass membrane
C. valinomycin-coated membrane
D. calomel electrode
A

A

63
Q 
Which of the following types of light refers to the one that comes from outside of a spectrophotometer and causes errors in the measured absorbance reading?
A. incident
B. transmitted
C. stray 
D. all mentioned
A

C

64
Q

Light has wavelength and frequency characteristics. The longer the wavelength, the:
A. greater the frequency, the greater the energy
B. greater the frequency, the lesser the energy
C. lesser the frequency, the greater the energy
D. lesser the frequency, the lesser the energy

A

D

65
Q 
If the reaction is known to obey Beer's Law and will be plotted on a linear graph, which of the following is placed on the x-axis?
A. absorbance
B. %T
C. wavelength
D. concentration
A

D

66
Q

A monochromator is a device that:
A. measures the intensity of light energy falling on a detector
B. determines the critical angle of refraction of dispersed light
C. disperses polychromatic light into its separate wavelengths
D. measures the intensity of light which falls on a diffraction grating

A

C

67
Q

Which of the following is related to the principle of atomic absorption spectrophotometry?
A. absorption of energy when an element is ionized
B. colorimetric analysis
C. emission of color when an element is burned
D. electrometric titration

A

A

68
Q 
In what stage of the mass spectrometer are the ion's electrons removed?
A. 1st
B. 2nd
C. 3rd
D. 4th
A

A

69
Q 
Which of the following light source is used when measuring at 500 nm?
A. deuterium lamp
B. tungsten lamp 
C. globar lamp
D. hydrogen lamp
A

B

70
Q

Which of the following is not true about an RNA?
A. works together with DNA to synthesize proteins
B. rhamnose serves as its sugar
C. single-stranded
D. none of the above

A

B

71
Q 
Which of the following refers to the ultraviolet range?
A. 380-750 nm
B. 380 nm and below 
C. 750-2000 nm
D. 2000 nm and above
A

B

72
Q 
What is the standard unit for expressing wavelength?
A. angstrom
B. nanometer 
C. millimicron
D. ampere
A

B

73
Q

In MS, different ions are deflected by the magnetic field in different amount. Which of the following statements is/are true?
A. lighter ions are deflected more than heavier ones
B. ions with 2 positive charges are deflected more than ones with only 1 positive charge
C. both A and B
D. neither A nor B

A

C

74
Q

Which of the following is the most widely used target amplification type?
A. nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA)
B. polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
C. strand displacement amplification (SDA)
D. transcription-mediated amplification (TMA)

A

B

75
Q 
Which of the following refers to the patient-testing activities performed within the institution but done outside the physical facilities of the clinical laboratories?
A. Molecular Diagnostics
B. Electrochemistry
C. Spectrophotometry
D. Point-of-Care Testing
A

D

76
Q

A double-beam (in time) spectrophotometer has:
A. 2 cell holders, rotating discs, and a detector
B. 2 cell holders, 2 detectors, and a beam splitter
C. 1 cell holder, a rotating disc, and 2 detectors
D. 1 cell holder, 1 detector, and a rotating disc

A

A

77
Q 
Which of the following is a feature that is available in a continuous flow, centrifugal, and discrete analyzer?
A. sequential testing
B. batch testing 
C. parallel testing
D. random access testing
A

B

78
Q 
Coulometry-Amperometry commonly used to measure:
A. gold
B. silver
C. chloride 
D. potassium
A

C

79
Q 
Point-of-Care Testing has applications in the following laboratory sections, except:
A. Chemistry
B. Coagulation
C. Microbiology 
D. Hematology
A

C

80
Q

Which of the following sets is not correctly matched?
A. measurement at 500 nm uses tungsten lamp
B. measurement at 600 nm uses a glass cuvette
C. measurement at 280 nm uses a deuterium lamp
D. measurement at 280 uses a plastic cuvette

A

D

81
Q 
Which type of machine was developed by Dr. Anderson of NASA?
A. simultaneous multiple analyzer
B. centrifugal analyzer 
C. discrete analyzer 
D. continuous flow analyzer
A

C

82
Q 
Which of the following is associated with the principle that more light absorption by a colored solution means a higher concentration of the analyte that is being measured?
A. atomic absorption
B. nephelometry
C. fluorometry
D. spectrophotometry
A

D

83
Q

Which of the following is not true regarding DNA?
A. dictates the amino acid sequence of peptides & proteins
B. strands are arranged in a double helix
C. stores human genetic information
D. composed of a strand of nucleotides

A

D

84
Q 
The purpose of the glass coils in a continuous flow system it to:
A. Provide proper mixing 
B. Allow visual inspection
C. Prevent dissipation of heat
D. Prevent carry-over of sample
E. Allow close packing of tubing
A

A

85
Q 
What specific column is employed in an HPLC if it uses a polar stationary phase and a nonpolar mobile system?
A. guard
B. normal-phase 
C. reversed-phase
D. abnormal-phase
A

B

86
Q

Which of the following is not true regarding chromatography?
A. paper chromatography is a type of planar chromatography
B. the separated components after chromatography is called an eluate
C. the mobile phase in a chromatography can be solid or liquid in form
D. the stationary phase in a chromatography can be a solid or liquid in form

A

C

87
Q

In gas chromatography, which of the following can be used as the carrier gas?

  1. helium
  2. argon
  3. nitrogen
  4. hydrogen

A. 1, 3
B. 2, 4
C. 1, 2, 3
D. 1, 2, 3, 4

A

C

88
Q 
Machine A can measure urea, glucose, triglyceride, bilirubin, and calcium tests all at the same time on a given specimen. This feature is characteristic of:
A. sequential testing
B. batch testing
C. parallel testing 
D. random access testing
A

C

89
Q 
The following procedures utilize potentiometry, except:
A. ion selective electrode
B. pH meters
C. pO2 gas analysis 
D. pCO2 gas analysis
A

C

90
Q

Which of the following is not true regarding molecular techniques?
A. these assays target nucleic acid instead of protein
B. consist of binding of a nucleic acid to its complementary target nucleic acid sequence
C. designed to detect a synthesized gene product
D. none of the above

A

C

91
Q 
Which of the following uses air bubbles in the sample and reagent streams?
A. Continuous-flow analyzers 
B. Discrete analyzers
C. Centrifugal analyzers
D. None of the above
A

A

92
Q 
Which of the following is best measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer?
A. potassium
B. lithium
C. calcium
D. sodium
A

C

93
Q 
Which of the following uses polarography principle?
A. ion selective electrode
B. pH meters
C. pO2 gas analysis 
D. chloridometer
A

C

94
Q 
The difference between a photometer and a spectrophotometer lies in its
A. light source
B. detector
C. monochromator 
D. cuvette
A

C

95
Q 
Which of the following encounters quenching?
A. fluorometry 
B. flame photometry
C. atomic absorption
D. nephelometry
A

A

96
Q 
Which of the following support medium eliminates electroendosmosis?
A. cellulose acetate
B. starch gel
C. acrylamide gel 
D. paper
A

C

97
Q 
Which of the following components of a spectrophotometer determines the factor "b" in Beer's law, A=abc?
A. light source
B. monochromator
C. cuvette 
D. detector
A

C

98
Q

What is the principle of flame emission photometry?
A. a photon of light with a wavelength specific for a given element is emitted when it becomes excited
B. a photon of light with a wavelength specific for a given element is emitted when excited orbital electrons return to the ground state
C. light is scattered by insoluble particles produced by the reaction
D. light absorbed by excited electrons as they return to the ground

A

B

99
Q 
The AUP MLS department bought the MicroLab Spectrophotometer from Biocare and buys reagents from Biosystems. Based on the given information, the MicroLab Spectrophotometer uses a/an:
A. wet chemistry
B. dry chemistry
C. open reagent system
D. closed reagent system
A

C

100
Q 
Which layer of a dry slide contains a dye that will form a colored complex when combined with the products of the reaction?
A. support layer
B. spreading layer
C. indicator layer 
D. reagent layer
A

C

Clinical Chemistry 1 (4 decks)

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