2nd test Flashcards by Briana Livesay

Booker T. Washington’s speech, given at Exposition in 1895, where he urged African Americans to work hard and get along with others in their white communities, so as to earn the goodwill of the country

Atlanta Compromise

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a political reform that allowed for the nomination of candidates through a vote by
party members, rather than by the choice of delegates at conventions; in the South, this strengthened all white solidarity within the Democratic Party

direct primary

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a proposed law placed on the ballot by public petition

initiative

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investigative journalists and authors who wrote about social ills, from child labor to the corrupt business practices of big businesses, and urged the public to take action

muckrakers

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a civil rights organization formed in 1909 by an interracial coalition including W. E. B. Du Bois and Florence Kelley

NAACP

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Woodrow Wilson’s campaign platform for the 1912 election that called for a small federal government to protect public interests from the evils associated with bad businesses

New Freedom

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Theodore Roosevelt’s 1912 campaign platform, which called for a powerful federal government to protect the American public

New Nationalism

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a campaign led by W. E. B. Du Bois and other prominent African American reformers that departed from Booker T. Washington’s model of accommodation and advocated for a “Declaration of Principles” that called for immediate political, social, and economic equality for African Americans

Niagara Movement

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a political party started by Roosevelt and other Progressive Republicans who were
unhappy with Taft and wanted Roosevelt to run for a nonconsecutive third term in 1912

Progressive Party

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a broad movement between 1896 and 1916 led by white, middle-class professionals for
legal, scientific, managerial, and institutional solutions to the ills of urbanization, industrialization, and
corruption

Progressivism

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to remove a public official from office by virtue of a petition and vote process

recall

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a process that allows voters to counteract legislation by putting an existing law on the ballot
for voters to either affirm or reject

referendum

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women protesters who picketed the White House for years to protest for women’s right
to vote; they went on a hunger strike after their arrest, and their force-feeding became a national scandal

Silent Sentinels

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Theodore Roosevelt’s name for the kind of involved, hands-on government he felt the
country needed

Square Deal

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a system aimed at improving factory efficiency rates
through the principle of standardization;
-limited workers to repetitive tasks, reducing
human contact and opportunities to think or collaborate

Taylorism

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a political system created by Robert La Follette, that embodied many progressive ideals; La Follette hired experts to advise him on improving conditions in his state

Wisconsin Idea

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nickname for Industrial Workers of the World, radical Progressive group that grew out of earlier labor movement and desired an industrial union model of labor organization

Wobblies

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group of diverse and prominent Americans who banded together in 1898 to
protest the idea of American empire building

Anti-Imperialist League

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Taft’s foreign policy, which involved using American economic power to push for
favorable foreign policies

dollar diplomacy

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an idea proposed by Fredrick Jackson Turner, which stated that the encounter of
European traditions and a native wilderness was integral to the development of American democracy,
individualism, and innovative character

Frontier Thesis

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the circular notes sent by Secretary of State Hay allowing all countries equal and total access to all markets, ports, and railroads without
any special considerations from the Chinese authorities; while ostensibly leveling the playing field, this
strategy greatly benefited the United States

Open Door notes

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a statement by Theodore Roosevelt that the United States would use military force
to act as an international police power and correct any chronic wrongdoing by any Latin American nation
threatening the stability of the region

Roosevelt Corollary

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Theodore Roosevelt’s cavalry unit, which fought in Cuba during the Spanish-American War

Rough Riders

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the pejorative name given by the press to Secretary of State Seward’s acquisition of
Alaska in 1867

Seward’s Folly

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the goal of foreign countries such as Japan, Russia, France, and Germany to carve
out an area of the Chinese market that they could exploit through tariff and transportation agreements

sphere of influence

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sensationalist newspapers who sought to manufacture news stories in order to sell
more papers

yellow journalism

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the expression used by Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes in the
case of Schenck v. United States to characterize public dissent during wartime, akin to shouting “fire!” in a
crowded theater

clear and present danger

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Woodrow Wilson’s postwar peace plan, which called for openness in all matters of
diplomacy, including free trade, freedom of the seas, and an end to secret treaties and negotiations,
among others

Fourteen Points

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nickname for the decorated, all-black 369th Infantry, which served on the frontlines of France for six months, longer than any other American unit

Harlem Hellfighters

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Republicans who opposed the Treaty of Versailles on all grounds

Irreconcilables

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Woodrow Wilson’s idea for a group of countries that would promote a new world order and territorial integrity through open discussions, rather than intimidation and war

League of Nations

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name for the war bonds that the U.S. government sold, and strongly encouraged
Americans to buy, as a way of raising money for the war effort

liberty bonds

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Woodrow Wilson’s policy of maintaining commercial ties with all belligerents and insisting
on open markets throughout Europe during World War I

neutrality

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the campaign for a ban on the sale and manufacturing of alcoholic beverages, which came to
fruition during the war, bolstered by anti-German sentiment and a call to preserve resources for the war
effort

prohibition

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term used to describe fear that Americans felt about the possibility of a Bolshevik revolution in the United States; fear over Communist infiltrators led Americans to restrict and discriminate against any forms of radical dissent, whether Communist or not

Red Scare

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the summer of 1919, when numerous northern cities experienced bloody race riots that
killed over 250 persons, including the Chicago race riot of 1919

Red Summer

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Republicans who would support the Treaty of Versailles if sufficient amendments were
introduced that could eliminate Article X

Reservationists

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the telegram sent from German foreign minister Arthur Zimmermann to the
German ambassador in Mexico, which invited Mexico to fight alongside Germany should the United
States enter World War I on the side of the Allies

Zimmermann telegram

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a nineteenth-century term for the illegal transport of alcoholic beverages that became
popular during prohibition

bootlegging

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someone who lives outside of their home country

expatriate

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a young, modern woman who embraced the new morality and fashions of the Jazz Age

flapper

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a group of writers who came of age during World War I and expressed their
disillusionment with the era

Lost Generation

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the first car produced by the Ford Motor Company that took advantage of the economies of
scale provided by assembly-line production and was therefore affordable to a large segment of the
population

Model T

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a manufacturing process that allowed workers to stay in one place as the work
came to them

moving assembly line

the rejection of outside influences in favor of local or native customs

nativism

the notion that African Americans had a distinct and separate national heritage that
should inspire pride and a sense of community

Negro nationalism

the more permissive mores adopted my many young people in the 1920s

new morality

the campaign promise made by Warren Harding in the presidential election of 1920

return to normalcy

the 1925 trial of John Scopes for teaching evolution in a public school; the trial
highlighted the conflict between rural traditionalists and modern urbanites

Scopes Monkey Trial

unlike the secret terror group of the Reconstruction Era, the Second Ku Klux Klan
was a nationwide movement that expressed racism, nativism, anti-Semitism, and anti-Catholicism

Second Ku Klux Klan

the bribery scandal involving Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall in 1923

Teapot Dome scandal

Ida Tarbell wrote publicly about
A. the need for better housing in rural
America
B. the sinister business practices of Standard
Oil
C. the need for a national temperance
movement
D. the women’s suffrage cause in the
American West

B. The sinister business practices of Standard Oil

Which of the following was not a key area of
focus for the Progressives?
A. land reform
B. democracy
C. business regulation
D. social justice

A. Land Reform

What system did the direct primary replace?
A. candidate selection by secret ballots
B. candidate selection by machine bosses
C. candidate selection by convention delegates
D. an indirect primary

C. Candidate selection by convention delegates

Which of the following is not an example of
social justice Progressivism?
A. anti-liquor campaigns
B. referendums
C. workplace safety initiatives
D. improvements in education

B. referendums

Which of the following was not a feature of
Booker T. Washington’s strategy to improve the
lives of African Americans?
A. self-help
B. accommodating/tolerating white racism
C. immediate protests for equal rights
D. learning new trades/skills

C. Immediate protests for equal rights

Who were the “Silent Sentinels”?
A. a group of progressive African Americans
who drafted the Declaration of Principles
B. anti-suffrage women
C. an offshoot of the Industrial Workers of the
World
D. suffragists who protested outside the White
House

D. Suffragists who protested outside the White House

How did Roosevelt intercede in the Anthracite
Coal Strike of 1902?
A. He invited strikers and workers to the
White House.
B. He urged the owners to negotiate a deal.
C. He threatened to send in the army to work
the mines.
D. He ordered the National Guard to protect
the strikers.

A. He invited strikers and workers to the White House

Which of the following was a key Progressive
item passed by Taft?
A. the Pure Food and Drug Act
B. the U.S. Forestry Service
Chapter 21 Leading the Way: The Progressive Movement, 1890-1920 639
C. the Mann-Elkins Act
D. the Payne-Aldrich Act

D. The Payne-Aldrich Act

Which of the following was not an outcome of
the Underwood Tariff Act?
A. It reduced tariffs 15 percent across all
imports.
B. It eliminated tariffs for steel.
C. It eliminated tariffs for iron ore.
D. It established a federal banking system to
oversee tariffs.

D. It established a federal banking system to oversee tariffs

Why did the United States express limited
interest in overseas expansion in the 1860s and
1870s?
A. fear of attacks on their borders
B. post-Civil War reconstruction
C. the Anti-Imperialist League
D. Manifest Destiny

B. Post-Civil War reconstruction

Which of the following did Mahan not believe
was needed to build an American empire?
A. a navy
B. military bases around the world
C. the reopening of the American frontier
D. a canal through Central America

C. The reopening of American Frontier

Which is not one of the reasons the AntiImperial
League gave for opposing the creation of
an American empire?
A. fear of competition from foreign workers
B. fear that the United States would suffer a
foreign invasion
C. concerns about the integration of other
races
D. concerns that empire building ran counter
to American democratic principles

B. Fear that the United States would suffer a foreign invasion

How did Hay’s suggestion of an open door
policy in China benefit the United States over
other nations?
A. The United States produced goods of better
quality and lower cost than other countries.
B. The United States enjoyed a historically
stronger relationship with the Chinese
government.
C. The United States was the only nation
granted permission to collect taxes on the
goods it traded within China’s borders.
D. The United States controlled more foreign
ports than other countries.

A. The United States produced goods of better quality and lower cost than other countries

How did the Boxer Rebellion strengthen
American ties with China?
A. The United States supported the rebels and
gained their support.
B. The United States provided troops to fight
the rebels.
C. The United States sent arms and financial
support to the Chinese government.
D. The United States thwarted attempts by
Great Britain and Germany to fortify the
rebels.

B. The United States provided troops to fight the rebels

How did Colombia react to the United States’
proposal to construct a canal through Central
America?
A. They preferred to build such a canal
themselves.
B. They preferred that no canal be built at all.
C. They agreed to sell land to the United States
to build the canal, but in a less
advantageous location than the
Panamanians.
D. They felt that Roosevelt’s deal offered too
little money.

D. They felt that Roosevelt’s deal offered too little money

With the Roosevelt Corollary, Roosevelt
sought to establish ________.
A. the consequences for any European nation
that involved itself in Latin American
affairs
B. the right of the United States to involve
itself in Latin American affairs whenever
necessary
C. the idea that Latin America was free and
independent from foreign intervention
D. the need for further colonization efforts in
the Western Hemisphere

B. The right of the United States to involve itself in Latin American affairs whenever necessary

Why did some Central American nations
object to Taft’s paying off their debt to Europe
with U.S. dollars?
A. because American currency wasn’t worth
as much as local currencies
B. because they felt it gave the United States
too much leverage
C. because they were forced to give land
grants to the United States in return
D. because they wanted Asian countries to pay
off their debts instead

B. Because they felt it gave the United States too much leverage

What two countries were engaged in a
negotiation that the Lodge Corollary disallowed?
A. Mexico and Japan
B. Nicaragua and France
C. Colombia and Japan
D. Mexico and Spain

A. Mexico and Japan

In order to pursue his goal of using American
influence overseas only when it was a moral
imperative, Wilson put which man in the position
of Secretary of State?
A. Charles Hughes
B. Theodore Roosevelt
C. William Jennings Bryan
D. John Pershing

C. William Jennings Bryan

Why was the German use of the unterseeboot
considered to defy international law?
A. because other countries did not have
similar technology
B. because they refused to warn their targets
before firing
C. because they constituted cruel and unusual
methods
D. because no international consensus existed
to employ submarine technology

B. Because they refused to warn their targets before firing

Which of the following was not enacted in
order to secure men and materials for the war
effort?
A. the Food Administration
B. the Selective Service Act
C. the War Industries Board
D. the Sedition Act

D. The Sedition Act

What of the following was not used to control
American dissent against the war effort?
A. propaganda campaigns
B. repressive legislation
C. National Civil Liberties Bureau
D. loyalty leagues

C. National Civil Liberties Bureau

Why did the war not increase overall
prosperity?
A. because inflation made the cost of living
higher
B. because wages were lowered due to the
war effort
C. because workers had no bargaining power
due to the “no-strike pledge”
D. because women and African American men
were paid less for the same work

A. Because inflation made the cost of living higher

Which of the following did not influence the
eventual passage of the Nineteenth Amendment?
A. women’s contributions to the war effort
B. the dramatic tactics and harsh treatment of
radical suffragists
C. the passage of the Volstead Act
D. the arguments of President Wilson’s
daughter

C. the passage of the Volstead Act

What was Article X in the Treaty of
Versailles?
A. the “war guilt clause” that France required
B. the agreement that all nations in the League
of Nations would be rendered equal
C. the Allies’ division of Germany’s holdings
in Asia
D. the refusal to allow Bolshevik Russia
membership in the League of Nations

B. The agreement that all nations in the League of Nations would be rendered equal

Which of the following was not included in
the Treaty of Versailles?
A. extensive German reparations to be paid to
the Allies
B. a curtailment of German immigration to
Allied nations
C. France’s acquisition of disputed territory
along the French-German border
D. a mandate for Germany to accept
responsibility for the war publicly

B. a curtailment of German immigration to Allied nations

Which of the following was not a destabilizing
factor immediately following the end of the war?
A. a flu pandemic
B. a women’s liberation movement
C. high inflation and economic uncertainty
D. political paranoia

B. a women’s liberation movement

What was the inciting event that led to the
Chicago Race Riot of 1919?
A. a strike at a local factory
B. a protest march of black activists
C. the murder of a black boy who swam too
close to a white beach
D. the assault of a white man on a streetcar by
black youths

C. the murder of a black boy who swam too close to a white beach

Which of the following films released in 1927
was the first successful talking motion picture?
A. The Clansman
B. The Great Gatsby
C. The Jazz Singer
D. The Birth of a Nation

C. The Jazz Singer

The popularization of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ expanded the
communications and sports industries.
A. radios
B. talkies
C. the Model T
D. airplanes

A. radios

Who was the first person to fly solo across the
Atlantic Ocean?
A. Orville Wright
B. Jim Thorpe
C. Charlie Chaplin
D. Charles Lindbergh

D. Charles Lindbergh

The Scopes Monkey Trial revolved around a
law that banned teaching about ________ in public
schools.
A. the Bible
B. Darwinism
C. primates
D. Protestantism

B. Darwinism

Which man was both a professional baseball
player and an influential evangelist during the
1920s?
A. Babe Ruth
B. H. L. Mencken
C. Jim Thorpe
D. Billy Sunday

D. Billy Sunday

The popularization of which psychologist’s
ideas encouraged the new morality of the 1920s?
A. Sigmund Freud
B. Alice Paul
C. W. E. B. Du Bois
D. Margaret Sanger

A. Sigmund Freud

Which amendment did Alice Paul promote to
end gender discrimination?
A. Prohibition Amendment
B. Equal Rights Amendment
C. Sheppard-Towner Amendment
D. Free Exercise Amendment

B. Equal Rights Amendment

Which novel of the era satirized the
conformity of the American middle class?
A. This Side of Paradise
B. The Sun Also Rises
C. A Farewell to Arms
D. Babbitt

D. Babbitt

Who was the Republican presidential
nominee for the 1920 election?
A. Calvin Coolidge
B. Woodrow Wilson
C. Warren Harding
D. James Cox

C. Warren Harding

In 1929, Albert Fall was convicted of bribery
while holding the position of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Secretary of the Interior
B. head of the Veterans’ Bureau
C. Secretary of the Treasury
D. Secretary of Commerce

A. Secretary of the Interior

Coolidge’s presidency was characterized by
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. scandal and dishonesty
B. silence and inactivity
C. flamboyancy and extravagance
D. ambition and greed

B. Silence and inactivity

What was the role of the Taft Commission?

introduced reforms to modernize and improve daily life in Philippines. legislative in nature, impacting the structure and composition of local governments. In exchange for support of resistance leaders, for example, the commission offered them political appointments.

What challenges did the U.S. military have to
overcome in the Spanish-American War? What
accounted for the nation’s eventual victory?

The new U.S. Navy was still untested
the country had a limited army, with fewer than thirty thousand soldier and sailors.
While over one million men ultimately volunteered for service, they were untrained, and the army was ill-prepared to house, arm, and feed them all.
American naval strength, combined with the proximity of American supplies relative to the distance Spanish forces traveled, made the decisive difference.
Navy proved superior in both the Philippines and the blockade of Cuba

Why were the Midway Islands important to

American expansion?

provided a more stable path to Asian markets and a vital naval coaling station, which steamships needed in order to travel further afield.

How does the “Open Door notes” episode
represent a new, nonmilitary tactic in the
expansion of the American empire?

-revealed the power of economic clout.
-American goods were less expensive and better quality and highly sought after in Asia.
Hay derided the spheres of influence
(each country had own room to maneuver in China, he was able to flood Chinese markets with
American trade.)
-US able to augment global standing w/out use of military forces

Compare Roosevelt’s foreign policy in Latin
America and Asia. Why did he employ these
different methods?

-“speaking softly and carrying a big stick”
worked well in Latin America
(US had strong military presence and could quickly
act threat of military action.)
-In Asia less of a military presence. (Roosevelt sought
to maintain balance of power, various Asian countries kept each other in check, no one grew too powerful. When the power balance tipped, Roosevelt acted to broker a peace deal between Russia and Japan
as a means of restoring balance)

What problems did Taft’s foreign policy

create for the United States?

-debts in Central America created yrs of economic
instability and fostered nationalist movements driven by resentment of America’s interference
-efforts at China-Japan mediation heightened tensions between Japan and US—tensions that would explode with the outbreak of WWII—and spurred Japan to consolidate its power throughout region.

How did muckrakers help initiate the

Progressive Era?

they spurred everyday Americans to action.
told stories with the goal of encouraging readers to address the issues. With photographs and descriptions of real-life scenarios

Describe the philosophy and strategies of the
Niagara Movement. How did it differ from
Washington’s way of thinking?

W. E. B. Du Bois push for civil rights directly, through legal and political channels, drawing on education and skills to advance the Niagara Movement’s agenda. The movement’s Declaration of Principles called
for immediate political, economic, and social equality for African Americans, including universal suffrage, education, and an end to the convict-lease system. Booker T. Washington’s
advocacy of accommodation and self-improvement.

Explain the fundamental differences between
Roosevelt’s “New Nationalism” and Wilson’s
“New Freedom.”

New Nationalism
-the country required a large and involved federal government
New Freedom
-small federal government could keep bad businesses in check while allowing country to grow.

Why did Wilson’s “New Freedom” agenda

come in two distinct phases (1913 and 1916)?

actions were limited cause promised voters a small government. .
As the 1916 election season approached, Wilson realized that hands-off policy not endearing him to voters, and ended first term in a flurry of Progressive legislation that reminded the
voting public of all he could do for them.

To what extent were Woodrow Wilson’s actual
foreign policy decisions consistent with his foreign
policy philosophy or vision?

goal to minimize American involvement abroad
less imperialistic
enact a policy based on moral decisions, acting only when morally imperative.
In practice, however, Wilson followed steps of more interventionist presidents.
sent troops into Haiti, Dominican Republic, and Cuba, to ensure that America’s interests were met.
Asia and Mexico, Wilson also found it difficult to remain outside of world affairs without jeopardizing America’s interests

How did the government work to ensure unity
on the home front, and why did Wilson feel that
this was so important?

Congress passed several laws:
-the Trading with the Enemy Act,
-the Espionage Act, the Sedition Act
-the Alien Act, all intended to criminalize dissent against the war.
encouraged private citizens to report disloyalty
-necessary to prevent divided loyalties

Why was prohibition’s success short-lived?

Americans began to defy it.

- Organized crime’s involvement in the illegal liquor trade made enforcement more difficult

What barriers did Wilson face in his efforts to
ratify the Treaty of Versailles? What objections did
those opposed to the treaty voice?

ensure a two-thirds approval by the Senate
- overcoming objections of majority of Republicans.
Henry Cabot Lodge, worried that Article X would oblige US to intervene in international affairs.
Interventionists argued Article X would prevent US from using military abroad.
US never signed the treaty/joined League of Nations.

How did Henry Ford transform the automobile

industry?

-making car affordable to average person.
-he refused to allow workers to unionize, instituted an eight-hour workday, raised
workers’ wages, promoted equal pay for black and white workers and for women; and used assembly lines to facilitate
production. The automobile thus became a symbol of middle-class life, rather than a luxury good available only to
the wealthy

What was the platform of the Second Ku Klux
Klan, and in what activities did they engage to
promote it?

-anti-black, anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic, and
anti-Jewish philosophy
-promoted the spread of Protestant beliefs.
-publicly denounced groups they despised
and
-cross-burning, violence, and intimidation

What was the Harlem Renaissance, and who

were some of the most famous participants?

rediscovery and celebration of black culture and race pride.
black literature and art flourished.
Writers such as Claude McKay, Langston Hughes, and Zora Neale Hurston created fiction and poetry that spoke directly to the experiences of black Americans.
scholars and political leaders, such as W. E. B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey, created new social and political ideologies

What was the economic outlook of the
average American when Herbert Hoover took
office in 1929?

-Americans believed prosperity would continue.
-stock market continued to flourish, prompting many Americans—including those
who had never done so before—to invest their savings and hope for the best.

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2nd test Flashcards

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