1st test Flashcards
the process by which an Indian was “redeemed” and assimilated into the American way of life by changing his clothing to western clothing and renouncing his tribal customs in exchange for a parcel of land
Americanization
an attempt to disarm a group of Lakota Sioux Indians near Wounded Knee, South Dakota, which resulted in members of the Seventh Cavalry of the U.S. Army opening fire and killing over 150 Indians
Battle of Wounded Knee:
large farms owned by speculators who hired laborers to work the land; these large farms allowed their owners to benefit from economies of scale and prosper, but they did nothing to help small family farms, which continued to struggle
Bonanza Farms
the period between 1848 and 1849 when prospectors found large strikes of gold in California, leading others to rush in and follow suit; this period led to a cycle of boom and bust through the area, as gold was discovered, mined, and stripped
the first significant silver find in the country, discovered by Henry T. P. Comstock in 1859 in Nevada
California Gold Rush
a term used to describe African Americans who moved to Kansas from the Old South to escape the racism there
this armed conflict between cowboys moving cattle along the trail and ranchers who wished to keep the best grazing lands for themselves occurred in Clay County, Texas, between 1883 and 1884
Exodusters
the Spanish name for White Caps, the rebel group of Hispanic Americans who fought back against the appropriation of Hispanic land by whites; for a period in 1889–1890, they burned farms, homes, and crops to express their growing anger at the injustice of the situation
Las Gorras Blancas
the phrase, coined by journalist John O’Sullivan, which came to stand for the idea that white Americans had a calling and a duty to seize and settle the American West with Protestant democratic values
Manifest Destiny
a militia raid led by Colonel Chivington on an Indian camp in Colorado, flying both the American flag and the white flag of surrender; over one hundred men, women, and children were killed
Sand Creek Massacre
a frontier home constructed of dirt held together by thick-rooted prairie grass that was prevalent in the Midwest; sod, cut into large rectangles, was stacked to make the walls of the structure, providing an inexpensive, yet damp, house for western settlers
Sod house
the rally and subsequent riot in which several policemen were killed when a bomb
was thrown at a peaceful workers rights rally in Chicago in 1866
Haymarket affair
a central corporate entity that controls the operations of multiple companies by
holding the majority of stock for each enterprise
holding company
method of growth wherein a company grows through mergers and acquisitions
of similar companies
horizontal integration
a secret organization made up of Pennsylvania coal miners, named for the famous Irish
patriot, which worked through a series of scare tactics to bring the plight of the miners to public attention
Molly Maguires
the ownership or control of all enterprises comprising an entire industry
monopoly
a negative term for the big businessmen who made their fortunes in the massive railroad
boom of the late nineteenth century
robber baron
mechanical engineer Fredrick Taylor’s management style, also called “stopwatch
management,” which divided manufacturing tasks into short, repetitive segments and encouraged
factory owners to seek efficiency and profitability over any benefits of personal interaction
scientific management
Herbert Spencer’s theory, based upon Charles Darwin’s scientific theory, which held
that society developed much like plant or animal life through a process of evolution in which the most fit
and capable enjoyed the greatest material and social success
social Darwinism
a legal arrangement where a small group of trustees have legal ownership of a business that they
operate for the benefit of other investors
trust
a method of growth where a company acquires other companies that include all
aspects of a product’s lifecycle from the creation of the raw materials through the production process to
the delivery of the final product
vertical integration
a movement begun by Daniel Burnham and Fredrick Law Olmsted, who believed that
cities should be built with three core tenets in mind: the inclusion of parks within city limits, the creation
of wide boulevards, and the expansion of more suburbs
City Beautiful
the financial kickback provided to city bosses in exchange for political favors
graft
the name for the large wave of African Americans who left the South after the Civil
War, mostly moving to cities in the Northeast and Upper Midwest
Great Migration
a theory promoted by John Dewey, who believed that education was key to the search
for the truth about ideals and institutions
instrumentalism
the process by which citizens of a city used their local ward alderman to work the
“machine” of local politics to meet local needs within a neighborhood
machine politics
a theory of realism that states that the laws of nature and the natural world were the only
relevant laws governing humanity
naturalism
a doctrine supported by philosopher William James, which held that Americans needed to
experiment and find the truth behind underlying institutions, religions, and ideas in American life, rather
than accepting them on faith
pragmatism
a collection of theories and ideas that sought to understand the underlying changes in the United
States during the late nineteenth century
realism
an early progressive reform movement, largely spearheaded by women,
which sought to offer services such as childcare and free healthcare to help the working poor
settlement house movement
the belief that the church should be as concerned about the conditions of people in the
secular world as it was with their afterlife
social gospel
a de facto directory of the wealthy socialites in each city, first published by Louis Keller
in 1886
Social Register
a political machine in New York, run by machine boss William Tweed with assistance
from George Washington Plunkitt
Tammany Hall
the strategy of Republican candidates to stress the sacrifices that the nation had
to endure in its Civil War against Democratic southern secessionists
bloody shirt campaign
the contrast to the spoils system, where political appointments were based on merit, not
favoritism
civil service
an 1894 protest, led by businessman Jacob Coxey, to advocate for public works jobs for
the unemployed by marching on Washington, DC
Coxey’s Army
a national conglomeration of different regional farmers’ alliances that joined together
in 1890 with the goal of furthering farmers’ concerns in politics
Farmers’ Alliance
the period in American history during which materialism, a quest for personal gain, and
corruption dominated both politics and society
Gilded Age
a farmers’ organization, launched in 1867, which grew to over 1.5 million members in less than a
decade
Grange
the group of Republicans led by James G. Blaine, named because they supported some
measure of civil service reform and were thus considered to be only “half Republican”
Half-Breeds
a portion of the Republican Party that broke away from the Stalwart-versus-Half-Breed
debate due to disgust with their candidate’s corruption
Mugwumps
a political party formed in 1890 that sought to represent the rights of primarily farmers
but eventually all workers in regional and federal elections
Populist Party
the group of Republicans led by Roscoe Conkling who strongly supported the continuation of
the patronage system
Stalwarts
a plan that called for storing crops in government warehouses for a brief period of
time, during which the federal government would provide loans to farmers worth 80 percent of the
current crop prices, releasing the crops for sale when prices rose
subtreasury plan
Which president made significant steps
towards civil service reform?
A. Chester A. Arthur
