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10 Biology > 2nd Semester Exam > Flashcards

2nd Semester Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Why do cells need to divide? (4 reasons)

A
  • To replace dead, damaged, or old cells
  • To repair damaged tissues
  • For the growth of an organism (from zygote to adult)
  • Asexual reproduction of certain organisms
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2
Q

What are the 3 steps of the cell cycle?

A
  • Interphase
  • Mitosis
  • Cytokinesis
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3
Q

Mitosis is the division of the ________

A

nucleus

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4
Q

Cytokinesis is the division of the ________

A

cytoplasm

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5
Q

Name 8 things that happen during Interphase

A
  • The cell carries out its specialized function
  • Growth and metabolism
  • Preparation for mitosis
  • Protein synthesis
  • Duplication of organelles for both daughter cells
  • DNA replication
  • The genetic material is in the form of chromatin
  • Chromosomes are not clearly visible
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6
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Long strands of DNA with associated proteins

The form of genetic material during Interphase

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7
Q

What are the 4 phases Mitosis is divided into?

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
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8
Q

Name 6 things that happen during Prophase

A
  • Chromosomes become visible due to the supercoiling of the DNA
  • Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell
  • Spindle formation
  • Nucleolus is not visible
  • Nuclear membrane disintegrates
  • Each chromosome consists of 2 identical sister chromatids held together by a centromere
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9
Q

Name 2 things that happen during Metaphase

A
  • Chromosomes move to the equator of the cell

- Spindle microtubules attach to the centromere

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10
Q

Name 2 things that happen during Anaphase

A
  • Centromeres separate

- Chromatids separate and move to opposite poles. They are now called chromosomes

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11
Q

Name 6 things that happen during Telophase

A
  • Chromosomes have arrived at the poles
  • Spindle disintegrates
  • Centrioles replicate
  • Nuclear membrane reappears
  • Nucleolus becomes visible
    Chromosomes become chromatin
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12
Q

Name 1 thing that happens during Cytokinesis

A

Division into 2 genetically identical daughter cells is complete.

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13
Q

What controls the cell cycle?

A

Proteins called cyclins, that determine whether or not the cell is ready to go on the other phase in the cycle

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14
Q

Why do cells need to respire?

A

Living cells rely on energy from ATP (adenosine triphosphate) to carry all activities that require energy
eg: building molecules, contracting muscles, transmitting nerve impulses

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15
Q

Define Cell Respiration

A

the controlled release of energy from organic compounds (nutrients) in cells to produce ATP

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16
Q

Why are nutrients (mainly glucose) broken down?

A

to release the energy that holds the molecules together

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17
Q

What is broken down to release the energy that holds the molecules together? What is also used of there is not enough of it?

A

Nutrients (mainly glucose)
If there is not enough:
- Fatty acids (lipids)
- Amino acids (proteins)

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18
Q

Cell respiration is a complex series of _______________ catalyzed by _________

A

chemical reactions

enzymes

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19
Q

Energy in the form of ATP is released as _______________ in organic compounds are broken

A

covalent (electron-sharing) bonds

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20
Q

What is ATP?

A

The immediately available energy molecule of the cell

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21
Q

Breaking down ATP into _____ releases energy for ____________ (eg: __________)

A

ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)
Cell activities
Metabolic activities like active transport

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22
Q

ATP is constantly being _________ by our cells

23
Q

What are the two types of cell respiration?

A

Aerobic (uses oxygen) and Anaerobic (occurs without oxygen)

24
Q

Which one do we humans use? Aerobic or Anaerobic cell respiration?

25
What does Anaerobic cell respiration produce in humans?
Lactic acid, causing a burning sensation
26
What do both Aerobic and Anaerobic cell respiration start with?
Glycolysis
27
What does Glycolysis mean?
"sugar breaking"
28
Name 3 things about Glycolysis
- Breaks a 6-carbon sugar (glucose, C6H12O6) into 2 3-carbon sugars - anaerobic process: no oxygen - occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell
29
What does Glycolysis produce? (3)
- 2 pyruvates (3-C sugar) molecules - NADH that captures electrons - a small amount of ATP
30
Glycolysis equation
Glucose --> 2 pyruvates + 2ATP
31
What three organisms use photosynthesis?
Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
32
______________ is opposite of photosynthesis
Aerobic respiration
33
Which one is more efficient, Aerobic and Anaerobic cell respiration? Why?
Aerobic respiration because it produces more ATP (38)
34
In Aerobic respiration, pyruvate molecules are broken down to release 3 things
Carbon dioxide ATP Water
35
Aerobic respiration Equation
glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water +38 ATP
36
What are the 3 complex series of chemical reaction, after Glycolysis, in the mitochondria during Aerobic respiration?
- Link reaction - Krebs cycle - Electron transport chain
37
Another name for Link reaction
The prep step
38
Name where Link reaction occurs
in mitochondria
39
Link reaction produces (3)
- Acetyl-Co A - Carbon dioxide - NADH
40
What does Acetyl-Co A do?
conveys (carries) carbon atoms from pyruvate to the Krebs cycle
41
What is NADH?
a high energy electron carrier (that takes electrons from H+)
42
Name where Krebs Cycle occurs
in mitochondria
43
What does the Krebs Cycle produce? (4)
- Carbon dioxide - 2 ATP - NADH - FADH2
44
What is FADH2?
High energy electron carrier
45
Name where Electron Transport Chain occurs
in the folds of mitochondria
46
What does the Electron Transport Chain produce? (2)
- water (oxygen accepts electrons from the electron carriers -NADH and FADH2- and binds with H+ ions to form H2O - 34 ATP (ATP-synthase -enzyme- produces ATP from ADP using energy from the breakdown of glucose)
47
Show how many ATP each stage in Aerobic Respiration produces, and the total ATP
``` Glycolysis --- 2 ATP Link reaction --- 0 ATP Krebs cycle --- 2 ATP Electron Transport Chain ---34 Total --- 38 ```
48
Where anaerobic respiration occurs
cytoplasm
49
What are the 3 steps/things of anaerobic respiration in animal cells
- Pyruvate (3-C sugar) is converted into lactic acid - Lactic acid produces a burning sensation in the muscles (20-30 min) - Lactic acid is then taken to the liver by the blood and converted to glucose
50
Equation for anaerobic respiration in animals
Glucose --> pyruvate --> lactic acid + 2ATP | 2 ATP from glycolysis
51
Equation for anaerobic respiration in plants, fungi, and bacteria
Glucose --> pyruvate --> ethanol + carbon dioxide +2 ATP | 2 ATP from glycolysis
52
Anaerobic respiration used by humans (2)
Yeast (fungus) - Make bread rise (CO2) - Brew beer (ethanol)
53
Define Genetics
the scientific study of how genes control the characteristics of organisms

10 Biology (2 decks)

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