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10 Biology > 2nd Semester Exam > Flashcards

2nd Semester Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do cells need to divide? (4 reasons)

A
  • To replace dead, damaged, or old cells
  • To repair damaged tissues
  • For the growth of an organism (from zygote to adult)
  • Asexual reproduction of certain organisms
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2
Q

What are the 3 steps of the cell cycle?

A
  • Interphase
  • Mitosis
  • Cytokinesis
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3
Q

Mitosis is the division of the ________

A

nucleus

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4
Q

Cytokinesis is the division of the ________

A

cytoplasm

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5
Q

Name 8 things that happen during Interphase

A
  • The cell carries out its specialized function
  • Growth and metabolism
  • Preparation for mitosis
  • Protein synthesis
  • Duplication of organelles for both daughter cells
  • DNA replication
  • The genetic material is in the form of chromatin
  • Chromosomes are not clearly visible
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6
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Long strands of DNA with associated proteins

The form of genetic material during Interphase

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7
Q

What are the 4 phases Mitosis is divided into?

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
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8
Q

Name 6 things that happen during Prophase

A
  • Chromosomes become visible due to the supercoiling of the DNA
  • Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell
  • Spindle formation
  • Nucleolus is not visible
  • Nuclear membrane disintegrates
  • Each chromosome consists of 2 identical sister chromatids held together by a centromere
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9
Q

Name 2 things that happen during Metaphase

A
  • Chromosomes move to the equator of the cell

- Spindle microtubules attach to the centromere

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10
Q

Name 2 things that happen during Anaphase

A
  • Centromeres separate

- Chromatids separate and move to opposite poles. They are now called chromosomes

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11
Q

Name 6 things that happen during Telophase

A
  • Chromosomes have arrived at the poles
  • Spindle disintegrates
  • Centrioles replicate
  • Nuclear membrane reappears
  • Nucleolus becomes visible
    Chromosomes become chromatin
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12
Q

Name 1 thing that happens during Cytokinesis

A

Division into 2 genetically identical daughter cells is complete.

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13
Q

What controls the cell cycle?

A

Proteins called cyclins, that determine whether or not the cell is ready to go on the other phase in the cycle

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14
Q

Why do cells need to respire?

A

Living cells rely on energy from ATP (adenosine triphosphate) to carry all activities that require energy
eg: building molecules, contracting muscles, transmitting nerve impulses

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15
Q

Define Cell Respiration

A

the controlled release of energy from organic compounds (nutrients) in cells to produce ATP

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16
Q

Why are nutrients (mainly glucose) broken down?

A

to release the energy that holds the molecules together

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17
Q

What is broken down to release the energy that holds the molecules together? What is also used of there is not enough of it?

A

Nutrients (mainly glucose)
If there is not enough:
- Fatty acids (lipids)
- Amino acids (proteins)

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18
Q

Cell respiration is a complex series of _______________ catalyzed by _________

A

chemical reactions

enzymes

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19
Q

Energy in the form of ATP is released as _______________ in organic compounds are broken

A

covalent (electron-sharing) bonds

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20
Q

What is ATP?

A

The immediately available energy molecule of the cell

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21
Q

Breaking down ATP into _____ releases energy for ____________ (eg: __________)

A

ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)
Cell activities
Metabolic activities like active transport

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22
Q

ATP is constantly being _________ by our cells

A

recycled

23
Q

What are the two types of cell respiration?

A

Aerobic (uses oxygen) and Anaerobic (occurs without oxygen)

24
Q

Which one do we humans use? Aerobic or Anaerobic cell respiration?

A

Both

25
Q

What does Anaerobic cell respiration produce in humans?

A

Lactic acid, causing a burning sensation

26
Q

What do both Aerobic and Anaerobic cell respiration start with?

A

Glycolysis

27
Q

What does Glycolysis mean?

A

“sugar breaking”

28
Q

Name 3 things about Glycolysis

A
  • Breaks a 6-carbon sugar (glucose, C6H12O6) into 2 3-carbon sugars
  • anaerobic process: no oxygen
  • occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell
29
Q

What does Glycolysis produce? (3)

A
  • 2 pyruvates (3-C sugar) molecules
  • NADH that captures electrons
  • a small amount of ATP
30
Q

Glycolysis equation

A

Glucose –> 2 pyruvates + 2ATP

31
Q

What three organisms use photosynthesis?

A

Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

32
Q

______________ is opposite of photosynthesis

A

Aerobic respiration

33
Q

Which one is more efficient, Aerobic and Anaerobic cell respiration? Why?

A

Aerobic respiration because it produces more ATP (38)

34
Q

In Aerobic respiration, pyruvate molecules are broken down to release 3 things

A

Carbon dioxide
ATP
Water

35
Q

Aerobic respiration Equation

A

glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water +38 ATP

36
Q

What are the 3 complex series of chemical reaction, after Glycolysis, in the mitochondria during Aerobic respiration?

A
  • Link reaction
  • Krebs cycle
  • Electron transport chain
37
Q

Another name for Link reaction

A

The prep step

38
Q

Name where Link reaction occurs

A

in mitochondria

39
Q

Link reaction produces (3)

A
  • Acetyl-Co A
  • Carbon dioxide
  • NADH
40
Q

What does Acetyl-Co A do?

A

conveys (carries) carbon atoms from pyruvate to the Krebs cycle

41
Q

What is NADH?

A

a high energy electron carrier (that takes electrons from H+)

42
Q

Name where Krebs Cycle occurs

A

in mitochondria

43
Q

What does the Krebs Cycle produce? (4)

A
  • Carbon dioxide
  • 2 ATP
  • NADH
  • FADH2
44
Q

What is FADH2?

A

High energy electron carrier

45
Q

Name where Electron Transport Chain occurs

A

in the folds of mitochondria

46
Q

What does the Electron Transport Chain produce? (2)

A
  • water (oxygen accepts electrons from the electron carriers -NADH and FADH2- and binds with H+ ions to form H2O
  • 34 ATP (ATP-synthase -enzyme- produces ATP from ADP using energy from the breakdown of glucose)
47
Q

Show how many ATP each stage in Aerobic Respiration produces, and the total ATP

A 
Glycolysis --- 2 ATP
Link reaction --- 0 ATP
Krebs cycle --- 2 ATP
Electron Transport Chain ---34
Total --- 38
48
Q

Where anaerobic respiration occurs

A

cytoplasm

49
Q

What are the 3 steps/things of anaerobic respiration in animal cells

A
  • Pyruvate (3-C sugar) is converted into lactic acid
  • Lactic acid produces a burning sensation in the muscles (20-30 min)
  • Lactic acid is then taken to the liver by the blood and converted to glucose
50
Q

Equation for anaerobic respiration in animals

A

Glucose –> pyruvate –> lactic acid + 2ATP

2 ATP from glycolysis

51
Q

Equation for anaerobic respiration in plants, fungi, and bacteria

A

Glucose –> pyruvate –> ethanol + carbon dioxide +2 ATP

2 ATP from glycolysis

52
Q

Anaerobic respiration used by humans (2)

A

Yeast (fungus)

  • Make bread rise (CO2)
  • Brew beer (ethanol)
53
Q

Define Genetics

A

the scientific study of how genes control the characteristics of organisms

10 Biology (2 decks)

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