2nd midterm pt2 Flashcards
Japanese immigration peaked when, and was initially slowed by what factors?
After 1904, when the war with Russia was over, immigration to BC was renewed at approximately 2000 per year.
Peak in 1907 (7000) when US passed an Act that prohibited the Japanese from leaving Hawaii to go to US.
What were the ‘push’ factors in Japan?
Industrialization, modernization of agriculture → unemployment
High taxes
Population control measures
Increased poverty
In 1907, the US passed a law prohibiting Japanese migration between Hawaii and the mainland, how did this affect migration to BC? Does this coincide with the Labour Day Riots?
The other option was BC. New 7000 people. Increase the Anti-Asiatic feeling!
What is a ‘picture bride’?
The Gentleman’s Agreement of 1908 created 4 categories of Japanese immigrants.
A - Prior Canadian residents
B - Domestic servants for Japanese residents
C - Contract labourers
D - Agricultural labourers
A limit of 400 per year was set for classes B and D, but no restriction on classes A and C.
A 5th class of Japanese immigrants was not restricted by this Agreement - wives. Marriages were arranged by parents in Japan. The single men in BC recognizes that they were here to stay and requested their parents in Japan to find suitable wives for them. This became known as the “picture bride” era. It became very common for relatives in Japan to send a picture of a prospective bride to BC, and if she met with approval, to send the woman over on the next vessel. This process caused considerable racist sentiment in BC (arranged marriage and increase in Asian population - they had children).
How did Canada limit Chinese and Japanese immigration between 1908-1940s?
Chinese:
Head tax was not working – it was becoming great revenue for the Canadian Government.
Chinese immigration lessened during WWI, but increased again just after the war.
Chinese beginning to see BC as home.
Federal election of 1921 all BC candidates ran on platforms to end Chinese immigration.
24000 Chinese at this time - minority group.
1923: Chinese Immigration Act. Prohibited Chinese from re-entering Canada if they left for a period of more than 2 years and it denied entry to Canada to wives and children left in China by men who had already emigrated.
~12 Chinese immigrated between 1924 and 1946.
Japanese:
1908 - Gentleman’s Agreement (discussed above).
Demand for exclusion of the Japanese continued, even though a number of Japanese living in this country fought for Canada in WWI. Those who survived were promised to vote, but the opposition was so strong that they did not receive it until 1931.
1922 - Alliance forged between Britain and Japan had expired.
What was the Duff Commission and how did it affect Japanese Canadians and immigrants?
Japanese domination of the fishing industry, a source of much concern, became the target of the Duff Commission in 1922, which reduced Japanese fishing licenses by 40%.
What is the difference between tourist attractions and tourism infrastructure?
Tourist attractions are natural assets, modified landscapes and created landscapes. Tourism infrastructure is built on tourist attractions. it includes; accommodation, food, transportation, and services
Differentiate between the different types of tourist attractions
List several examples of each kind of tourist attraction
Tourist attractions can be categorized into natural assets, modified landscapes, and created landscapes
BC offers many attractions for tourists: a great variety of saltwater and freshwater landscapes, spectacular alpine vistas, and an array of unique flora and fauna. As more and more people live in urban environments, the wilderness experience of BC becomes more and more desirable. Many arts and cultural resources including First Nations sites, heritage sites, and sports events attract visitors.
Why is the maintenance and expansion of tourism infrastructure crucial to the viability of a tourism industry
Created landscapes or “anthropocentric attractions” are created or built environments such as BUtchart Gardens, The Royal BC Museum, rodeos, music and arts festivals etc. Complementing these attractions is the essential tourism infrastructure: where tourists sleep and eat, how they travel, and how they acquire services. the combination of all of these experiences leaves an impression on the tourist, and this impression, or perception, is essential to return visits, which generate continued income and economic well-being for the region and the province as a whole
Provide some examples of tourism infrastructure
Expo 86 was the catalyst for a whole new awareness of tourism’s potential in BC. tourists came from all over the world and from the rest of Canada to participate at the fair and to experience the BC landscape.
What is a tourist? use the definition provided in class
“someone who travels to and stays in a place outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated within the place visited.”
Explain the role played by different scales of government in the management of this industry
-Explain the role of the BC Government
The federal and provincial governments are fundamental to the industry. they develop and maintain transportation systems (highways, airports, ferry systems and ports) and provincial and national parks, and establish policies and laws that affect the private sector.
The provincial government created a Crown corporation called Tourism British Columbia to manage tourism in 1997, raising revenues through a hotel room tax and spending the money to promote the development and growth of the industry (BC MInistry of Finance and Corporate Relations 1998, 229)
Provide some examples of Local Government engagement
Local governments also play a crucial role in the tourism industry because they are responsible for zoning much of the tourist infrastructure and using the local tax base to build facilities for both residents and tourists.
Explain the role of tourism in diversifying the economy?
Provide a successful example of this in a BC town
tourism has added a degree of much needed economic diversity to communities that depend largely on one resource, such as forests and minerals, providing another way for people to make a living.
For towns such as Chemainus and Tofino, the conversion from a forest-based economy to a tourist-based one has been profound. Tofino’s economy has diversified considerably from dependance on commercial fishing and logging to major tourist attraction. it has become the tourism gateway to the spectacular setting of Long Beach and Clayoquot Sounds, as well as providing whale watching, storm watching, kayaking, and surfing.
Provide an explanation of what is occurring at Jumbo Glacier, BC and why people in the area are so upset
The Jumbo Glacier Resort proposal to build a 6,000-hectare European resort replica — complete with 23 ski lifts and 6,000 bed units — first surfaced in 1991.
Proponents argue the proposal would make the Invermere area home to Canada’s first year-round, glacier-based ski resort. Those opposed to the project say it would desecrate a sacred place for the Ktunaxa Nation, imperil grizzly bear habitat and overload a region that already has 13 ski resorts within a three-hour drive.
Time is running out for the proponents in more ways than one. Climate experts predict the glaciers will be entirely melted within four decades. And in the more immediate future, if substantial construction doesn’t begin by Oct. 12th, 2014, the environmental assessment certificate for the project will expire, meaning proponents have to go back to square one.
At this crucial moment in the project’s history, DeSmog Canada sent award-winning reporter Judith Lavoie series to the Columbia Valley to take a closer look at the issues swirling around the Jumbo Glacier Resort.
What role do private enterprises or businesses play in the tourism industry?
Tourism need to develop accommodation, food, transportation and services to attract more tourists, which require private enterprises or businesses to promote it.
Are tourists from BC crucial to the BC tourism industry and why?
Provide statistical proof of this
Tourists are fundamental element of the tourism. If there is no people traveling to a place, tourism will not exist. And local tourists encourage the government and businesses related to tourism.
1326 million international tourists in 2018. 18944000 travelers in BC in 2014, which increased 1% than 2013. But they spend 24% more.
I posted an article on D2L illustrating that the Cruise industry’s impact on BC is approximately 1.3 billion for 2013, which works out to $260 per person visiting BC as part of a cruise.
Why is the cruise industry declining in BC?
The port of Vancouver’s domination has been challenged by Seattle, which built cruise ship facilities in 1999. And in the post-9/11 era, American passengers feel more comfortable beginning and ending a cruise in their own country. Again, terrorism fears play a significant role in the international touriam industry.
BC divides the province into 8 different tourist regions, these correspond to the Development Regions of BC
Why does the Provincial Government divide the province into these regions?
Which region is dominant and why?
The configuration has changed since 1997 to correspond to the provincial government’s eight development regions, which are an amalgam of the 28 regional districts within the province. This change facilitates the gathering of tourist data such as overnight stays by tourists at hotels, motels, fishing lodges, and other accommodations.
Mainland/southwest region. It contains over 50% of the population and garners over 50% of the tourism room revenue in the province. Vancouver, the largest city in BC, is the focal point of many transportation networks, including highways, railways, and ferries. Its international airport (YVR) and cruise ship facilities are some of the most important transportation nodes for the industry.
Which region is second and what is the contentious form of tourism in this region.
The Vancouver Island/coast region. The south end of Vancouver Island, specifically Victoria, attracts the greatest number of tourists. Ranked “Best City in the Americas” in 2003, and Vancouver Island is “Top North American island”. Salmon sport fishing is a contentious issue in Vancouver Island tourism. The sport fishing industry brings in the highest return per fish caught but is allotted the fewest fish.
Read and understand the highlights of the tourism industry in each of the six regions.
①. The Thompson-Okanagan region. The gateway to Alberta. Trans-Canada Highway, Coquihalla Highway, Yellowhead Highway pass through Kamloops. East to Revelstoke and Banff or Calgary, or northeast to Mount Robson and on to Jasper or Edmonton. South of Kamloops and Thompson —- orchards, variety of fruit, lakes.
②. The Kootenay region. Mountainous, narrow valleys, long lakes, hydroelectric dams.
③. The Cariboo. Was the site of the famous Cariboo gold rush in the 1860s. Prince George is the major service centre. This region is also known as cattle country, and tourists are attracted by the western culture of guest ranches, cattle drives, and rodeos.
④. The Nechako. Smallest population. Smithers is the largest community. Plenty of wilderness. Rugged mountains, pristine lakes, and rapidly flowing rivers —– outdoor activities. Other small communities are isolated.
⑤. The Kitimat-Stikine and Skeena-Queen Charlotte Regional Districts. Prince Rupert and Kitimat are the principal coastal communities, and Terrace is the main inland city. Prince Rupert is a stop for Alaskan cruise ships, and invest a lot in cruise facilities. First Nations are a big part of tourism.
⑥. Northeast British Columbia, Peace River and Northern Rockies. The W.A.C. Bennett Dam is on the Peace River, and not far down is the Peace Canyon Dam, which houses a museum that displays a history of the region including the discovery of dinosaur footprints. This region also has a great deal of remote wilderness.
What influences the creation and demise of single resource communities?
Harvesting or processing of a single resource such as fish, forest, minerals, agricultural products, and much more recently, tourism. The creation of a single resource community due to abundant resources, and the demise due to run out of resources.
What is company town; provide a description of what the company owned?
Company towns are single-resource communities were built and controlled by large corporations that owned the mine, smelter, mill, or cannery. The company exercised ownership and control over land, housing, recreation, plant, and all assets and facilities of the community including hotels, hospitals, golf courses, churches and movie theaters.
why are company towns controversial
Single-resource communities, like the province as a whole, were subject to a host of influences over time: changing demands for resource commodities, technological developments, political decisions affecting resource development, and unpredictable global events. These developments have not had a uniform effect either throughout the province or on the development of single-resource communities. The fate of some was sealed from the start, as the resource on which they were based was non-renewable or not in great supply, technologies changed, or world economic price declined. Many single-resource communities became ghost towns.
Describe the issues for workers in company towns?
Company towns did not have a normal distribution of population. There were few women and children, and no elderly people. The work day and work week were much longer than today, with twelve-hour days six days a week and low wages. The long hours of work were often in hazardous conditions, especially in underground mines, where there was the danger of cav-ins, blowouts, and diseases related to the inhalation of dust particles.
What is bobtailing a cheque?
A “bob-tailed” cheque was a pay slip without any funds, because the worker owned more to the company than he received in wages at the end of the pay period.
Provide some examples of company towns
The early coal mining communities of Nanaimo and Cumberland were two of the first company towns. Coastal pulp mills soon followed, and later mines such as Britannia Beach and Cassiar became company towns. The largest community was Barkerville during Dold Rush in 1858.
IV. Did company towns endorse unions, if not then why?
The struggle to change the company town system was not confined to BC. It was much more universal. New political and social philosophies were tempered and tested by world war and depression. And conditions did change.
When was the Instant Town Act created and why?
What did it entail and provide some examples of Instant Towns?
The Instant Act of 1965 was enacted by the provincial government largely in response to the negative conditions of the company towns.
Instant towns came under the Municipal Act and therefore open communities with locally elected councils, unlike company towns. Gold River (1965), Mackenzie (1966), Sparwood (1966), Fraser Lake (1966), Logan Lake (1970), Tahsis (1970), Elkford (1971), Granisle (1971), Tumbler Ridge (1981) —- last one.
how are instant towns different from company towns?
Instant towns had a much greater degree of advance planning than had been the case in earlier single enterprise communities. This reflected an attempt to correct some of the systemic problems of the traditional company town such as high population turnover, unbalanced demographic profiles, settlement impermanence, social instability, isolation and corporate dominance and control; it was also an attempt to be rid of the stigma of the company town label.
Describe some differences in planning and management in Instant towns vs. Company towns
Many workers owned their own homes, and living condition is much better. The instant town included a small shopping center with independent retail franchises that suited small communities. Also, it has clinics, dental offices, modern elementary schools. High schools are added when the community is big enough. A recreation center with a curling rink, an arena, and a gymnasium was a standard facility in the instant town. Workers had safer work conditions, the forty-hour work week, and high hourly wages. Improved road system, satellite TV receivers connect the most isolated communities.
What happened to the town of Kitsualt?
No sooner had it been planned and the first buildings erected than it became an instant ghost town (it was put up for sale for $7 million in 2004 and sold in January 2005 for an undisclosed sum). The world market price of molybdenum, the impetus for building the town, was in decline. With little prospect of an increase in the short or long run, the corporation pulled out.
What options are there for single resource communities to diversify their economy?
Provide an example of where this worked and where it did not?
Diversified into tourism, recreation, retirement, and forestry-related employment.
Granisle’s copper mine closed in 1992; Gold River’s pulp mill closed in 1999; Tahis’s saw mill closed in 2001’ Timber Ridge’s coal mines are closed in 1999 and 2003. They all relatively isolated, so transition is hard for them; Kimberley successfully diversified into tourism, recreation, retirement, and forestry-related employment.
Provide the reasoning behind, why “permanence” should be a priority in policy-making when creating instant towns?
With the rise of price of resources, new communities will build on the resource frontier. New mining operations now tend to rely on flying in the bulk of the labor force on a rotational basis, rather than establishing permanent communities. Company towns are unhealthy development, and government doesn’t want to have ghost towns. The government wants the towns live longer.
What are some of the controlling factors that lead to permanence?
Economic stability, diversity the economic base. Provincial policy could establish a reserve fund to assist in relocation, restructuring, and other hardships endured by members of single-resource communities when their mine or mill closes.
