2nd midterm Flashcards
Explain the concept of sovereignty
Sovereignty is the full right and power of a governing body over itself, without any interference from outside sources or bodies.
The concept of territory combines geographic space with political control, or sovereignty over that space.
What three commodities were the Chinese trading for ____ pelts harvested in the Pacific ________
sea otter
Northwest valued silks, teas and porcelain
What two motivations drove European interests in the Pacific Northwest?
The first, and more complex situation, involved exploiting the resources of colonial territories in exchange for the valued silks, teas, and porcelain of China.
The second quest was for the Northwest Passage and the prize money for its discovery.
San Francisco was the northernmost fort of what country?
Spain
Captain Cook arrived at Nootka Sound in
What was Cook searching for when he sailed to Nootka Sound?
How many £ (British pounds) would he receive if his search was successful?
- 1778
- The much sought-after Northwest Passage
- 20,000
Explain the Nootka Incident
The Nootka Sound Incident of 1789, in which a British officer was taken at sword point and three British ships were confiscated by the Spanish (and taken to San Blas in Mexico), brought to a head the rival claims. The skirmish may have been local, but its ramifications were global.
The resolution of this territorial conflict required 6 years of protracted negotiations in Europe. Between 1789 and 1795, Captain Vancouver for the British and Captains Malaspina, Galiano, and Valdés for the Spanish made a number of voyages up and down the coast, surveying the landscape and recording their impressions of the Aboriginal Peoples.
The increased harvesting of sea otters decreased their population to near extinction by
the early 1800s
In 1793, _____ trekked across BC towards Bella Coola
He worked for the ____ company which was a rival of ____ company
____ was the year the two companies merged
Sir Alexander Mackenzie
North West, Hudson’s Bay
1821
Name two fur traders working for the North West Company that influenced BC geography
Simon Fraser and David Thompson
Name the two regions that preceded the Colony of Vancouver Island and Colony of BC
The Columbia District and New Caledonia
What river was used as the dividing line between the two regions?
Columbia River
What factors lead to the decline of the fur trading industry in BC
Many rivers in BC were rough to navigate
In much of the province there were no birch trees for making canoes
Dependency on overland trails and horses
Some forts became horse ranches to answer the need, but this system added extra costs to the transportation of fur
Traders also encountered difficulties with respect to the sheer number of First Nation.
What was the difference between fur trading in BC and the prairies
What problems did the spatial distribution of First Nations’ settlements pose?
At the Prairies, fur companies negotiated with First Nations Chiefs to organized traps. In BC this practice was difficult because of the great number of indigenous groups and the overlap of their territories. As a result, the fur brigade was made of heavily armed men, instead of indigenous trappers. The trappers had to trespass through indigenous territories and the cost of production was high. These brigades would enter the area, do all the trap and transport the furs to east.
-First Nations were spread in the BC coast and interior. Because they were so many groups and their territory overlapped it was very expensive to hunt for fur in BC.
-1818 was the year the United States (US) and Britain agreed upon a border on the ___ parallel
-What effect did this decision have on BC?
What did the US call the territory of British Columbia
- 49
- The Oregon Treaty cut of Hudson’s Bay COmpany access to much of the Columbia River, the kay river system used for navigation for the fur trade. The transportation of fur had to rely much more on overland routes.
- ¨A bilateral free trade zone, not a colony.¨
Explain why the British feared the concept of manifest destiny
Because it promoted American to make a westward and northward expansion and to claim the whole Oregon territory.
Describe the events of the Pig War
How long did it occur and how was it solved?
The Oregon Treaty in 1946 resolved the conflict by extending the border along the 49-parallel from the Rockies to the Pacific and, for a time, kept the American from taking over New Caledonia. Is was not well defined in the Treaty to which part San Juan belonged. After gold was discovered, San Juan become was strategically important as the guardian of the waterway leading to Puget Sound and the gold-laden sand bars along the Fraser.
-24 years
In 1872, the Kaiser awarded all the San Juan Islands to the United States, ending the Pig War — and finally settling the boundary between Washington and the new Canadian province of British Columbia.
The treaty that restricted the Hudson Bay Company from using the Columbia River for
transportation was called ____ and signed in ___.
Oregon Treaty
1846
What year did BC become a province?
Why? Name three factors
- 1871
- The United States ́ purchase of Alaska in 1867 left BC facing American territory on two sides. (Risk of BC being taken by Americans).
- Many of BC ́s inhabitants were American, and they were agitating for annexation.
- Need to dissolve its debt
- Promised a trans Canada Railway
- Guaranteed federal transfer payment-
When did the Cariboo gold rush occur?
What was its effect on BC’s population?
When did Billy Barker arrive in BC?
- began in 1858
- With the discovery of Gold more than 100,000 miners migrate into the Bay area. Before that, there were only a few hundred non-native in the colony of Vancouver Island and on the mainland.
- 1862
What was the Cariboo Road?
it was a feat of Royal engineering stretching from Fort Yale to Barkerville in the Canadian province of British Columbia through extremely hazardous canyon territory in the Interior of B.C.
Who was James Douglas?
What efforts did he make to stop immigration by American miners?
What impact did he have on FN?
- The Chief Factor of the Hudsonś Bay Company that was appointed governor of the colony of Vancouver Island in 1851.
- He created a tax on Americans to remind them that they were in a foreign land.
- He was concerned with the possibility of was with Aboriginal peoples, whose lands were being trespassed upon and violated. He Negotiated a number a number of small treaties on Vancouver Island and established large reserves in the interior. THe reserves were not created through treaties, however, and therefore were not accompanied by any formal rights.
Explain the concept of “Frontier Mentality”
When were the current boundaries of BC defined?
- The attitude of people who came to the frontier in search of wealth but had no intention of staying
- What were some of the consequences of this mentality
- Actions prompted by this attitude were particularly destructive to the environment. MInes that were particularly destructive to rivers and streams that were the habitat of salmon, the staple food for many First Nations. Destruction of forests for fuel. The Cattle drivers for the market of beef (destruction of the original bunch grass that nowadays is full of sagebrush)
- 1863/1866
What factors influenced the current boundaries?
Northern border - 60°N
Southern border - 49°N
Alaskan Panhandle - 54°40’
Eastern border - 120°W and Rocky Mountains
Who was Mathew Baillie Begbie?
The famous Hanging Judge that left the reputation of a lawful British frontier as opposed to an unlawful American one.
