2nd line of defence

Question 1

2nd Line of Defence

Answer 1

• Inflammation
• Phagocytosis
• Compliment System
• Cytokines

Question 2

Inflammation

Answer 2

• Infiltration of immune cells to the site of infection
• Pathogen triggers release of histamine and further triggers vasodilation and increase blood flow to injury
• Open Wound + Pathogen + Histamine = Infection

Question 3

5 Signs of Inflammation

Answer 3

• Pain
• Heat
• Redness
• Swelling
• Loss

Question 4

Types of Phagocytes / WBC

Answer 4

• Neutrophils
• Monocytes

Question 5

Types of Phagocytes / WBC: NEUTROPHILS

Answer 5

• Ions are pumped into phagosome to kill pathogen
• Further destroys pathogen with digestive enzymes

Question 6

Types of Phagocytes / WBC: MONOCYTES

Answer 6

• Express PRR that recognise PAMPs
• MACROPHAGES
• DENDRITIC CELLS

Question 7

Macrophages

Answer 7

• Kills pathogen via phagocytosis

Question 8

Dendritic Cells

Answer 8

• Act as messengers for the rest of the immune system by antigen presentation

Question 9

Compliment System

Answer 9

Compliment proteins binding to pathogen to cause
- Increases inflammation
- Causes opsonisation
- Direct killing of pathogens

Question 10

Compliment System: OPSONISATION

Answer 10

• Complement proteins tagging pathogens and increases the chance of phagocytosis

Question 11

Compliment System: DIRECT KILLING

Answer 11

• Complement proteins aggregate and breaks cell membrane of pathogen