2nd Industrial Revolution Flashcards
Steel vs Iron?
all of iron impurities are blown away with hot air and more sturdy. Stronger and cheaper
A process developed in the late 1850s that led to faster, cheaper steel production
Bessemer Process
Henry Ford
Founder of Ford Motor Company, he created the moving assembly line and is often credited with helping to create a middle class in American culture.
Thomas Edison and his goals
American inventor of over 1,000 patents, he invented the light bulb and established a power plant that supplied electricity to parts of New York City. Wanted to make things that would be useful to people
Andrew Carneige
American industrialist and humanitarian, he focused his attention on steelmaking and made a fortune through his vertical integration method. bought all of his competitors
John D. Rockefeller
American industrialist and philanthropist, he made a fortune in the oil business and used vertical and horizontal integration to establish a monopoly on the steel business. created trusts
Social Darwinism
a view of society based on scientist Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection. Social Darwinists thought that Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory decided which human beings would succeed in business and in life in general.
Fredrick W. Taylor
American efficiency engineer, he introduced the manufacturing system known as scientific management that viewed workers as mechanical parts of the production process, not as human beings.
Orville and Wilbur Wright
and Wilbur (1867–1912) American pioneers of aviation, they went from experiments with kites and gliders to piloting the first successful gas-powered airplane flight and later founded the American Wright Company to manufacture airplanes.
Vertical Integration
the business practice of owning all of the businesses involved in each step of a manufacturing process
Horizontal Integration
owning all the businesses in a certain field
Trusts
a number of companies legally grouped under a single board of directors
Monopolies
the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service.
Sherman Anti-trust Act
a law that made it illegal to create monopolies or trusts that restrained free trade
Assembly Lines
an innovation of Henry Ford’s that dramatically reduced the cost of production
interchangeable parts
Interchangeable parts are parts that are identical for practical purposes. They are made to specifications that ensure that they are so nearly identical that they will fit into any assembly of the same type. One such part can freely replace another, without any custom fitting, such as filing.
Specialization
the process of concentrating on and becoming expert in a particular subject or skill.
Knights Of Labor
secret society that became the first truly national labor union in the United States, accepted african-americans, women, and unskilled workers
American Federation of Labor
an organization that united skilled workers into national unions for specific industries
strikes
Strike action, also called labor strike, labour strike, or simply strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to work. form of protest
collective bargaining
a technique used by labor unions in which workers act collectively to change working conditions or wages
Pullman Strike
a railroad strike that ended when President Grover Cleveland sent in federal troops
Haymarket Riot
a riot that broke out at Haymarket Square in Chicago over the deaths of two strikers
Corporations
buisnesses that sell portions of ownership called stock shares
