2nd half Flashcards
13 classifications of handicapping conditions established by P.L. 94-142?
* 1. Autism both intellectual and impaired social and communication skills • 2. Emotional disturbance • 3. Deaf • 4. Deaf-Blind combination • 5. Hearing impairment • 6. Intellectual disability • 7. Learning Disability • 8. Multiple Disability • 9. Developmental Delay • 10. Other health impairment • 11. Traumatic brain injury • 12. Speech and Language Impairment • 13. Visual Impairment
LRE least restrictive environment?
means that a student who has a disability should have the opportunity to be educated with non-disabled peers, to the greatest extent appropriate.
Nominal scale?
refers to categories/name (# on an athlete’s jersey)
Ordinal scale?
rank order 1+ 2 doesn’t equal 2 +3
o How much is 1st better than 2nd?
interval scale?
1+ 2 = 3+ 4 (interval between 1 and 2 similar to 3 and 4
o Allows more comparisons to be made
• Shoe size
• Which scores correspond
Mean?
• Most central mean (average, typical performance)
o Sum=800 mean=100 # of participants=?
o Very affected by outliers
Medium?
the middle score 50% fall above and 50% fall below
o 2,4,6,8 4+6=?
o Not so effected by outliers
mode?
most frequent score
o 2,2,2,2,3,4,8,12,12,14
o don’t give a fuck about outliers
o least stable or reliable
SD?
most frequently used measure of variability of spread scores
o 1 SD= 68% 34% one half 34% other half
o 2 SD= 95% 47.5% half
o 3 SD= 99.5% 49.7 half
Correlation Coefficient ?
shows degree of relationship between two variables
• 1. Direction
o positive- variables move in the same direction
• more you study
o negative- variable move in the opposite direction
o inverse
• exercise and weight
• 2. Strength
o magnitude or how strong relationship is
• -1.00 - +1.00 strong…. Closer to 0 the weaker the relationship
• 3. Correlation doesn’t not cause causation
Normal Curve
• Mean = medium = mode
• Positively skewed distribution- most students score low
o Tail to the right info to the left
• Negatively skewed distribution- most students score high
o Tail to the left and date to the right
Standard scores? Z- Scores
presents an individuals relative position in terms of test score, assuming a normal distribution
• Shows the mean and how people lie in comparison
o Z- score- mean SD key
• Mean=0
• SD=1
Percentile?
• expresses examinee’s relative position • the percentage of scores • that fall below a particular test score o used to help parent understand the score qualitative descriptions of scores • Uses words • Below average • Low average • Average 90-109 average • high average • superior • very superior o normal range o borderline clinical o clinical range
SEM
estimates how repeated measures of a person on the same instrument tend to be distributed around a true score
• Standard error of measurement has a negative correlation with reliability (consistency of scores)
• Inverse relationship between standard error of measurement and reliability (poor reliability and a high standard error of measurement)
o Good test- high reliability and low standard error of M
• Inverse relationship between SEM and reliabilty
Norms and adequacy?
norm= norm referenced assessment
• individuals performance is compared to a normative sample
adequacy of norms
• 1. Large norm group
• 2. represent all aspects of the population (correct population)
• 3. Relevance of norms to purpose of the testing
o the larger the norm group, the more stable it is
• National Norms
• Specific norms
What am I trying to answer with a norm
Reliability?
• Consistency or dependability of scores
- individual test .9 or higher
- higher for group test .6/.7
Validity?
• Most important consideration in test evaluation
o Extent a test is measuring what it claims to measure
• Appropriateness, meaningfulness, usefulness of inferences comes from validity
o Test can be reliable but not valid
o Valid test has to be reliable
o Validity is not only of a test but of a certain use of a test
• Testing what its supposed to test
criterion contamination?
a test of mechanical ability is correlated with ratings of job performance as a mechanic
What is variability?
• Variability- degree that scores are spread out and different from one another
Types of reliability? Test retest?
• Test-retest- the consistency of test scores from one administration to the next
o How to get same test given twice with a time interval between testing
• Practice effect
Types of reliability? alternate form reliability?
• Alternative form reliability- helps us determine if 2 forms of a test are equivalent
o Test with multiple forms need to be equivalent
• Give 2 test 2 same people correlate performance (coefficient of equivalence)
Types of reliability? Internal consistency reliability?
• Internal consistency reliability- tells us how well each item on the test relate independently to one another
o Split test in half
• Divide test – odd and even questions
• Testing session- correlate the scores for students on 2 halves
Types of reliability? Interrater reliability?
• Interrater reliability- tells us the extent to which 2 or more raters agree or how consistently they implement a rating scale or scoring system
o 2 or more raters score- correlate their scoring rating
Face Validity?
• Face validity- does it appear to measure what were trying to measure (acceptability)
Content Validity?
• CONTENT VALIDITY- evidence based on the representativeness of test content and items (done by expert judgment )
o Most important for achievement test
Criterion related validity?
• Criterion related validity- relationship between test score and some external measure or criterion
o 1.25 correlation coefficient goes to -1.00 and +1.00
• concurrent validity
estimate a current criterion
• ex: test of mechanical ability is correlated with ratings of job performance as a mechanic (can’t see results of test)
Predictive validity?
o predictive validity- degree to which test estimates a future level of performance
Concurrent Validity?
o concurrent validity- use test to estimate a current criterion
Construct Validity?
• Construct validity
o Extent to which test results can be interpreted in terms a particular construct or trait
• Intelligence and personality test
o Contrasting groups method take a group clearly has the trait/ construct and a group that clearly doesn’t
• Look for significance difference between groups
Standard scores? T- Score
presents an individuals relative position in terms of test score, assuming a normal distribution
• Shows the mean and how people lie in comparison
o T- score – used with social emotional measure test
• mean of 50
• SD of 10
Standard Score? Deviation IQ?
presents an individuals relative position in terms of test score, assuming a normal distribution
• Shows the mean and how people lie in comparison
o Deviation IQ- used for cognitive and academic measures
• Mean= 100
• SD= 15
Standard Score ETS educational testing scores?
presents an individuals relative position in terms of test score, assuming a normal distribution
• Shows the mean and how people lie in comparison
o ETS educational testing scores-
• Mean- 500
• SD- 100
Representative norms?
representative norms • age • grade • gender • geographic region (rural, urban, suburban) • SES • Race • Ethnicity • Parental occupation • Full range of intellectual levels
