2nd Half Flashcards
Critical Thinking
The methods that is used to reach a contemporary conclusion based on relevant evidence i.e., Reasons —> Conclusions.
Deductive Reasoning
Mode of argument where:
A does or is B,
C is part of A,
C ALSO does or is B.
Inductive Reasoning
Mode of argument where:
A does or is B,
C is part of A,
C LIKELY does or is B.
More evidence will reinforce the argument.
Selective Application
Critical thinking is (mostly) restricted to inside the box interpretations.
Rival Causes
Reasons that could also lead to the same conclusion one is trying to make with different reasons.
Reasons —> Conclusions OR
Rival Cause(s) —> Conclusions
Common Cause
C caused A and B.
Causal Oversimplification
A caused B but not recognizing that C, D, and/or E, etc. might also cause B.
Ex. Mary hit a bird while driving because she was driving quickly, but it may have also been due to the bird diving in front of the vehicle.
Post Hoc Fallacy (Post hoc, ergo propter hoc)
A then or before B, therefore A caused B.
Ex. MMR vaccine injected into my child, then a week after, he gained autism. In actually, the child is already on the spectrum.
(Also known as the False Cause)
Ambiguity
Terms or ideas (and reasons) are not fully defined or have many different meanings.
Abstract Term
Terms that have no absolute real life counterpart. Could be categories where there exists many interpretations.
Rhetoric Modes
Ways of communicating ideas.
Loaded Language
Text that makes its points by using non-logical connections by hiding under rhetoric modes. Takes advantage of connotations and very powerful for evoking emotions.
Cultural Assumptions
Presumptions based on personal cultural values that may not be shared by everyone but used as universal valid points or reasons.
Fallacy
A generalization or conclusion that is made based on non-representative facts. In other words, logical-sounding illogical arguments.
Denotation
The explicit literal real life meaning of the word.
Connotation
The implicit associated meaning or feeling of the word.
Necessary Conditions
A is REQUIRED for B to be true.
Sufficient Conditions
A is ENOUGH for B to be true (but not needed).
Bias
Preferences or favour towards certain perspectives.
Objective
Unbiased; no preferences and only factual.
Most likely true for everyone.
Subjective
Biased; preferences and personal opinions.
May be true for some but not others.
Universalism
The assumption that everyone will share the same preconceptions regardless of different backgrounds.
Cultural Imperialism
Imposing one’s culture on others as a means of dominance. Stems from the belief that theirs is better.
Othering
The tendency to treat different people, well, differently. (Think the -isms).
