2nd Half

Question 1

Critical Thinking

Answer 1

The methods that is used to reach a contemporary conclusion based on relevant evidence i.e., Reasons —> Conclusions.

Question 2

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 2

Mode of argument where:
A does or is B,
C is part of A,
C ALSO does or is B.

Question 3

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 3

Mode of argument where:
A does or is B,
C is part of A,
C LIKELY does or is B.
More evidence will reinforce the argument.

Question 4

Selective Application

Answer 4

Critical thinking is (mostly) restricted to inside the box interpretations.

Question 5

Rival Causes

Answer 5

Reasons that could also lead to the same conclusion one is trying to make with different reasons.
Reasons —> Conclusions OR
Rival Cause(s) —> Conclusions

Question 6

Common Cause

Answer 6

C caused A and B.

Question 7

Causal Oversimplification

Answer 7

A caused B but not recognizing that C, D, and/or E, etc. might also cause B.
Ex. Mary hit a bird while driving because she was driving quickly, but it may have also been due to the bird diving in front of the vehicle.

Question 8

Post Hoc Fallacy (Post hoc, ergo propter hoc)

Answer 8

A then or before B, therefore A caused B.
Ex. MMR vaccine injected into my child, then a week after, he gained autism. In actually, the child is already on the spectrum.
(Also known as the False Cause)

Question 9

Ambiguity

Answer 9

Terms or ideas (and reasons) are not fully defined or have many different meanings.

Question 10

Abstract Term

Answer 10

Terms that have no absolute real life counterpart. Could be categories where there exists many interpretations.

Question 11

Rhetoric Modes

Answer 11

Ways of communicating ideas.

Question 12

Loaded Language

Answer 12

Text that makes its points by using non-logical connections by hiding under rhetoric modes. Takes advantage of connotations and very powerful for evoking emotions.

Question 13

Cultural Assumptions

Answer 13

Presumptions based on personal cultural values that may not be shared by everyone but used as universal valid points or reasons.

Question 14

Fallacy

Answer 14

A generalization or conclusion that is made based on non-representative facts. In other words, logical-sounding illogical arguments.

Question 15

Denotation

Answer 15

The explicit literal real life meaning of the word.

Question 16

Connotation

Answer 16

The implicit associated meaning or feeling of the word.

Question 17

Necessary Conditions

Answer 17

A is REQUIRED for B to be true.

Question 18

Sufficient Conditions

Answer 18

A is ENOUGH for B to be true (but not needed).

Question 19

Bias

Answer 19

Preferences or favour towards certain perspectives.

Question 20

Objective

Answer 20

Unbiased; no preferences and only factual.
Most likely true for everyone.

Question 21

Subjective

Answer 21

Biased; preferences and personal opinions.
May be true for some but not others.

Question 22

Universalism

Answer 22

The assumption that everyone will share the same preconceptions regardless of different backgrounds.

Question 23

Cultural Imperialism

Answer 23

Imposing one’s culture on others as a means of dominance. Stems from the belief that theirs is better.

Question 24

Othering

Answer 24

The tendency to treat different people, well, differently. (Think the -isms).

Question 25

Orientalism

Answer 25

Euro-American inclination to exoticize different cultures or people. (Think HBomb DEHR).

Question 26

Heuristics

Answer 26

The innate ability to come to quick (and semi-good) conclusions based on limited evidence i.e., intuition. Think of it as the “antipode” to critical thinking.

Question 27

Risk Averse

Answer 27

The tendency to be risky in perceived low risk conditions and vice a versa.

Question 28

Factual Claim

Answer 28

Claim that can be proven or disproven. In other words, if a claim is not scrutinized, it is not a factual claim.
Ex. I am a trained helicopter pilot.
(This claim is not verified, therefore it is not factual).

Question 29

Subjective Sources of Evidence
(Subjective Evidence)

Answer 29

Evidence from personal experiences, intuitions, and testimonials. Not exactly reliable for general situations as it is often limited in scope.

Question 30

Appeal to Authority

Answer 30

Evidence that is promoted by someone/people who IS/ARE ACTUALLY credible in relevant expertise.
Evidence can be generalized (mostly)

Question 31

Observational Studies

Answer 31

Evidence where the number personal experiences are cranked up a lot and investigated by (mostly) reliable people.
Evidence can be generalized (mostly)

Question 32

Case Studies

Answer 32

Evidence derived from one specific iteration for some specific condition (that is not representative for a larger group).
Evidence can NOT be generalized.

Question 33

Scientific Method

Answer 33

Evidence found using the scientific method. Wow amazing, considers rival causes and is inductive.