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310 Pharm > 2nd Exam > Flashcards

2nd Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is Pharmacodynamics?

A

Study of how drugs affect living tissues

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2
Q

How can pharmacodynamics effects be measured?

A

By clinical or biochemical means
Ex: BP drops post ACE inhibitors
Ex: Blood glucose drops post insulin

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3
Q

What do outcome effect(s) of a drug at the action site involve?

A

Receptor binding
Post-receptor effects
Chemical interactions

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4
Q

Chemical interactions of drugs

A

Drug has effect-
No change to cellular function
No binding to a receptor

Ex: Antacids- Cholestyramine to bind bile acids in GI tract

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5
Q

What is mechanisms of action?

A

Manner in which drug affects target tissue.

Drugs either enhance or block cellular functions

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6
Q

The 3 ways how drugs produce effects.

A

Drug-receptor interactions
Drug-enzyme interactions
Other, nonspecific interactions

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7
Q

What is a drug receptor?

A 
Body tissue where drug works
-Site on cell membrane or in cell with affinity for drug
-Macromolecular component of tissue
Max effect of drug occurs here
Cell function altered
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8
Q

What is affinity?

A

Drug attracted to tissue/receptor

-Strong affinity = less drug needed for action

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9
Q

What is efficacy?

A

Ability to start biologic activity once bound to cell
How effective the drug is at producing desired effect
Receptor site on cell has strong affinity for drug

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10
Q

What is an agonist?

A

Binds with receptors for therapeutic response
Enhances a normal biologic function
Drug fits into specific area on/in cell (key into a lock)
Initiates biochemical & physiologic changes
*Produces an intended effect

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11
Q

What is a partial agonist?

A

Partial binding at site

Some efficacy

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12
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

Blocks receptors on cell
Joins w/receptor, prevents agonist from working
Keyhole blocked; key can’t get in
Inhibits or counteracts effects of other drugs OR undesired cellular processes

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13
Q

What is competitive antagonist?

A

Attracted to same site as agonist
Inhibits action of agonist
*Reversible

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14
Q

What is noncompetitive antagonist?

A

Combines to different part of receptor & inactivates receptor = agonist ineffective
*Irreversible

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15
Q

Common protein targets for drugs:

A

Enzyme
Carrier molecules
Ion channels
Receptors

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16
Q

Drug enzyme interactions

A

Enzymes are catalysts, start biochemical reactions
Occurs when drug has similar chemical make-up to substrate an enzyme is attracted to
Enzyme action blocked or stimulated
-Pharmacodynamic reaction
-Can lead to drug toxicity if drug action blocked

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17
Q

Nonspecific drug interactions

A

Drug effect occurs in various ways:

  • Emollient: blocks tissue exposure to outside world
  • Radiographic contrast: alters atomic number of tissues
  • Accumulate in cell/cavity & interfere with cell function
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18
Q

What is emollient?

A

It blocks tissue exposure to outside world

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19
Q

What does radiographic contrast do to tissues?

A

It alters the atomic number

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20
Q

What is potency?

A

Concentration of drug required to produce desired effect. Related to drug/receptor interaction.

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21
Q

What is half life?

A

Time for serum drug concentration to drop by ½

Stable per drug, unless metabolism or excretion abnormal. Ex: patient does not process drug normally

Dose usually does not alter this

22
Q

What are other names for half life?

A

Biologic half-life, half-life of elimination

23
Q

What is the serum concentration drug profile?

A

Graph that shows the life of a drug from administration to elimination.

24
Q

What is the onset?

A

Time between administration & first sign of drug effect

25
Q

What is the duration?

A

Onset of action to end of response

26
Q

What is the termination?

A

Drug no longer seen

27
Q

What is the minimum effective concentration?

A

Lowest plasma concentration to produce effect

28
Q

What is the peak serum concentration?

A

Max plasma concentration

29
Q

What is the therapeutic range?

A

Ideal plasma concentration w/o toxicity

30
Q

What is the toxic level?

A

Plasma concentration leading to toxicity

31
Q

What is Emax?

A

Max effect of a drug based on a specific measured parameter

32
Q

What is EC50?

A

Drug concentration at a steady state that produces half the max effect

33
Q

What is the hill coefficient?

A

Slope of relationship between drug concentration and drug effect

34
Q

What is the therapeutic index?

A

Measure of drug safety

Ratio: LD50 / ED50 = TI
Lethal dose to kill 50% of population over effective/therapeutic dose to kill 50% of population
Ratio of 1 = lethal drug (don’t want)

35
Q

What is an adverse effect?

A

Any unwanted effect

36
Q

What is a side effect?

A

Predictable pharmacologic action but not the intended action
Action on non-target tissues
May have positive or negative outcomes
Nontoxic
Ex: Nausea, drowsiness, constipation, less anxiety, reduced itching

37
Q

Are side effects always an adverse effect?

A

No

38
Q

What is toxicity?

A

Dose related
Higher dose = greater chance of toxic levels in plasma
Can happen with iodinated contrast

39
Q

What is an allergic reaction?

A

Immune system response
Due to repeated exposures to drug or chemically related compound
Body vs. drug
Not dose related

40
Q

What is a drug-drug interaction?

A

An adverse effect

41
Q

3 examples of a drug-drug interaction:

A
  • Increased agonistic, antagonistic or synergistic response by 2+ drugs
  • Synergism
  • Chemical incompatibility
42
Q

What is synergism?

A

When one drug acts with another = more response than expected

43
Q

What is chemical incompatibility?

A

One drug may destroy actions of another

Two mix and precipitate out (Chelation effect)

44
Q

What happens with increased agonistic, antagonistic, or synergistic response by 2+ drugs?

A

One drug alters metabolism of another

Possible toxic levels

45
Q

What is an idiosyncratic reaction?

A

An adverse effect
Abnormal response to drug caused by individual genetic differences
Is unexpected or exacerbated effect

46
Q

What are some factors that influence drug action?

A

Food intake
Drugs taken at the same time
-Synergistic rxn (increase each others function)
-Additive rxn (Have add on reaction)

47
Q

What conditions can cause a normal dose of a drug become toxic?

A

Impaired metabolism or excretion/elimination of drug (kidney failure)

48
Q

List some types of effects drugs can have:

A

Intended, side effects, adverse, toxic, allergic reaction

49
Q

T or F: Drugs create new biologic functions?

A

False

50
Q

What graph shows the life cycle of a drug?

A

Serum concentration profile

310 Pharm (2 decks)

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