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Biology year 10 > 2nd assessment - genes > Flashcards

2nd assessment - genes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a gamete?

A

The scientific term for a sex cell (e.g. an egg or sperm cell)

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2
Q

What is a polymer

A

A substance which is made of many repeating units, e.g. DNA is one as it is made up of many repeating nucleotides.

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3
Q

What is variation?

A

The differences between members of the same species

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4
Q

What is a chromosome

A

A long, coiled up molecule of DNA

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5
Q

What is an allele?

A

A different version of the same gene

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6
Q

What is a genome?

A

All of the genetic material within an organism

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7
Q

What is a double helix?

A

The characteristic shape of DNA in which two strands are cooled around each other.

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8
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

Consists of a sugar, a phosphate and a base. Many of these join up to form a polymer of DNA.

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9
Q

What is meiosis?

A

A type of cell division in which 4 genetically gametes are produced . This is important for sexual reproduction.

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10
Q

What is mutation?

A

A change in the base sequence of DNA. Can lead to different phenotypes in some cases.

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11
Q

What is the human genome project?

A

A project whose aim was to find every single gene in the human genome.

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12
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

An allele which is always expressed in the phenotype if the organism is heterozygous (normally shown with a capital letter)

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13
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

An allele which is not expressed in the phenotype if the organism is heterozygous (normally shown with a lower case letter)

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14
Q

What is a carrier?

A

The term for someone who has a disease causing recessive allele which is not expressed in the phenotype.

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15
Q

What is a gene?

A

A sequence of DNA which codes for a particular protein.

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16
Q

What does homozygous mean

A

Having two of the same allele, e.g. two dominant or two recessive alleles.

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17
Q

What does Heterozygous mean

A

Having two different alleles, one dominant and one recessive.

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18
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The term for the genes within an organism.

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19
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The term for the physical characteristic caused by a genotype.

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20
Q

What is complementary base pairing

A

This describes how the bases in DNA pair up, e.g. A-T and C-G

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21
Q

What is a haploid?

A

The term for a cell which carries half of the genetic material in an organism.

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22
Q

What is a diploid?

A

The term for a cell which carries all of the genetic material in an organism.

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23
Q

What is genetic variation?

A

A type of variation which is caused by the genes in an organism.

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24
Q

What is environmental variation?

A

A type of variation which is caused by the environment which an organism is exposed to.

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25
Q

What is a family pedigree?

A

A way of displaying a family tree of people with genetic disorders to work out probability of inheriting one.

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26
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A fertilised egg cell.

27
Q

What is an embryo?

A

When a zygote has undergone mitosis to form a ball of cells (normally 8).

28
Q

Describe the process of meiosis is.

A

Interphase (DNA copied) -> prophase -> metaphase -> anaphase -> telophase -> split into 2 cells -> split again to make 4 genetically different .

29
Q

Where does meiosis occur?

A

Plants and animals

30
Q

What is the function of meiosis?

A

To make gametes (sex cells).

31
Q

How many cells does meiosis produce?

A

4 genetically different daughter cells.

32
Q

Where in the body does meiosis occur?

A

Reproductive organs

33
Q

What type of reproduction is meiosis?

A

Sexual

34
Q

Is meiosis diploid or haploid?

A

Haploid

35
Q

What do DNA molecules carry?

A

The code to make proteins that give us our eye colour, hair colour, etc.

36
Q

What are the 4 chemical bases, and what are there complementary base pairing?

A

Tigers (T) - Are (A)
Great (G) - Cats (C)

37
Q

What do the dots in between the bases called?

A

Weak hydrogen bonds.

38
Q

What are the strips behind the bases called?

A

Sugar phrosphate backbone

39
Q

What are the building blocks of DNA?

A
  • DNA is made of lots of repeating similar units called nucleotides
  • Each nucleotide is made of one sugar molecule called deoxyribose, one phosphate group, and one base.
40
Q

What is in the nucleus of the cell?

A

Chromosomes

41
Q

What are chromosomes made up of?

A

Genes

42
Q

What chemical are genes made from?

A

DNA

43
Q

What are the instructions for making the cell/telling it what to do called?

A

The genetic code.

44
Q

What does the dna tell the cell to do?

A

Make proteins.

45
Q

What protein controls the level of glucose in the blood?

A

Insulin.

46
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

They are an important group of proteins that control all chemical reactions in cells.

47
Q

What are the repeating units in dna called?

A

Nucleotide

48
Q

What gives the DNA strength?

A

Hydrogen bonds

49
Q

What is the phenotype of bob if he’s the genotype Bb. (B = brown)

A

Brown

50
Q

What are the two gamete that fuse to create a fertilised egg cell?

A

Pollen and ova (eggs)

51
Q
A
52
Q

If bob has the genotype Bb, what is his phenotype?

A

Brown

53
Q

What are the names of the two gametes that fuse to create a fertilised egg cell?

A

Pollen and ova (eggs).

54
Q

What genotype do females have?

A

XX

55
Q

What genotype do males have?

A

Xy

56
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A
  • an inherited disease cause by a RECESSIVE allele.
  • carriers of the disease (Cc) aren’t affected.
  • only homozygous recessive individuals (CC) develop the disease.
57
Q

What was the aim of the human genome project?

A
  • to work out the order of all the three billion base pairs in the human genome.
  • to identify all the genes and what these genes code for.
58
Q

What are the advantages of the human genome project?

A
  • breast cancer screening: faulty gene can be identified
  • new knowledge of how humans have evolved
  • personalised medication/treatment.
  • gene therapy: cystic fibrosis patients can correct their faulty genes.
59
Q

What are the disadvantages of the human genome project?

A
  • 3 billion pounds were spent on HGP -> waste of money
  • could lead to discrimination -> if genomes are accessible to all, employers may deny you a job if you have a faulty gene.
60
Q

What is discontinuous variation?

A

Where the data can only take a limited set of values. Controlled by genes only - plotted as a bar-chart. E.g. blood group.

61
Q

What is continuous variation?

A

Where the data can be any value in a range. Controlled by a combination of genes and environment plot as histogram. E.g. height.

62
Q

Describe a discontinue variation graph.

A
  • variation in number of whole values is discontinuous as you can only have whole numbers, not values in between.
  • when drawing a frequency bar chart, leave a gap between bars to make the discontinuity obvious.
63
Q

Describe a continuous variation graph.

A
  • The chart is drawn with no gaps between bars, to show that the data are continuous
  • values are grouped to make it easier to see patterns in data
  • Leaf length is a continuous variable as it can be any value within the range.
64
Q

Describe a continuous variation graph where the results look like a triangle.

A
  • normal distribution curve
  • continuous variation/data
  • a correct interpretation of the data - mean, mode, and so on.

Biology year 10 (2 decks)

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