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Biology year 10 > 1st assessment - mitosis > Flashcards

1st assessment - mitosis Flashcards

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1
Q

Name all the parts of mitosis in order (one extra).

A
  1. Interphase (not mitosis)
    2.prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Telophase
  4. Cytokenisis
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2
Q

What is mitosis?

A

A type of cell division where new identical cells are created. These new cells are diploid.

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3
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

23 pairs of chromosomes, 46 in total.

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4
Q

What does haploid mean?

A

HAploid = Half, they only have 23 chromosomes.

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5
Q

Explain interphase

A

The cell makes extra cell parts (such as mitochondria) and copies all of the chromosomes. Not part of mitosis.

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6
Q

Explain prophase

A

Spindle fibres form in the cell and the nuclear membrane starts to disappear.

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7
Q

Explain metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

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8
Q

Explain anaphase.

A

The chromosomes are pulled apart by the spindles.

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9
Q

Explain telophase.

A

The single chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of the cell and the membranes around each nucleus to start to form again.

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10
Q

Explain cytokenisis.

A

The cytoplasm of the cell separates and the cell membrane divides the cell into two daughter cells.

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11
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

One parent, identical offspring, faster, e.g. Strawberry plants, potatoes, and aphids.

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12
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Two parents, variation within offspring.

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13
Q

Why is mitosis important?

A

Growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.

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14
Q

What is a cancer cell?

A

A cell that continues to divide, causing the disease known as cancer.

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15
Q

How does cancer form?

A

If cells begin to divide uncontrollably they are known as cancer cells causing lumps called tumours. Mutations are changes in the DNA of an organism which can lead to a change in characteristics, such as cancer.

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16
Q

What is growth?

A

Permanent increase in the size of an organism.

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17
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The process where cells become specialised to perform different functions.

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18
Q

What is elongation?

A

The process used by plants for growth. The plant cells get longer.

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19
Q

Describe growth in animals (detailed)

A
  1. When a sperm fertilisers an egg cell, it forms a zygote.
  2. The zygote divides by mitosis to form an embryo.
  3. The stem cells that make up the embryo are undifferentiated.
  4. The cell will continue to divide and will differentiate.
  5. Once the cells have differentiated a fetus is formed.
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20
Q

Describe growth in animals (simple)

A

Sperm cell + egg cell -> zygote -> 2 cell embryo -> 8 cell embryo -> fetus.

21
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The process by which a less specialised cell becomes more specialised for a particular function. The cell normally changes shape to achieve this.

22
Q

REMEMBER TO LOOK AT PERCENTILE GROWTH CURVE GRAPH. Why are percentile graphs useful?

A

Percentile growth curves can be used as a reference to check normal and abnormal growth in animals.

23
Q

Describe growth and animals.

A

Stem cells in animals have a very similar role to meristem cells in plants.
They divide mitosis and differentiate into a specialised cells.
Stem cells in embryo can differentiate into any type of cell.

24
Q

Describe an embryonic stem cells function

A

Can differentiate into any specialised cell, found in embryo, embryo starts with lots of stem cells and these become specialised cells, embryo develops into fetus, when stem cells extracted embryo dies, using stem cells left over from IVF, controversial.

25
Q

Describe the function of adult stem cells.

A

Found in the bone marrow of animals, can differentiate into only a few specialised cells, only divide to produce more of the same cell (mitosis), tissues created from them won’t be rejected.

26
Q

Describe the function of meristem cells.

A

Plants have special areas in the tops of their shoots and roots called meristem tissue, where cells are continuously dividing. Once divided the cells get longer - known as elongation. Older meristem cells start to differentiate and become specialised. A meristem cell can differentiate into any type of plant cell (such as a palisade cell in leaf or root hair cell in root).

27
Q

What are the benefits of using system cells in medicine?

A

Stem cells can be used to mass produce organs and tissues.
Drugs can be tested on stem cells first, before human and animals.
Scientists can learn more about cell differentiation and what happens when it goes wrong.
Treats diseases/injuries.

28
Q

What are the risks of using stem cells in medicine?

A

Potential to cause cancer, risk of rejection, cloning ethical considerations, people argue the right to live.

29
Q

Name the parts of a neurone.

A

Dendrite, nucleus, axon, axon terminal, and myelin sheath.

30
Q

What does a dendrite do?

A

Allows nerves to communicate with each other.

31
Q

What does an axon do?

A

Stretched out so impulses can travel quicker.

32
Q

What does an axon terminal do?

A

Make chemical called a neurotransmitter which binds on to the next neurone allowing the impulse to travel along the body.

33
Q

What does a myelin sheath do?

A

Made of fat, insulates neurone so impulses can travel quickly.

34
Q

What is the CNS cycle?

A

Stimulus (e.g. Fire) -> receptors (e.g. Skin) -> sensory neurone -> relay neurone -> motor neurone -> effector (e.g. Muscle)

35
Q

Name all the parts of an eye

A

Cornea, pupil, retina, lens, iris, optic nerve.

36
Q

What is the cornea?

A

The curved part of the eye which initially refracts light as it enters.

37
Q

What is the pupil?

A

Able to change shape to focus light on retina.

38
Q

What is the retina?

A

Where light is focused on the eye. It contains light sensitive rod and cone receptor cells.

39
Q

What is the lens?

A

Able to change shape to focus light on retina.

40
Q

What is the iris?

A

Coloured part of the eye which controls the size of the pupil.

41
Q

What is the optic nerve?

A

Sends nerve signals from rod and cone cells in retina to the brain.

42
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The gap between neurones.

43
Q

What is the first part of synapse?

A

An electrical impuls arrives at the membrane of the first neurone.

44
Q

What is the second part of synapse?

A

Sacs containing neurotransmitters join with the cell membrane of the first neurone.

45
Q

What is the third part of synapse?

A

Neurotransmitters are released from the sacs into the gap between the two neurones.

46
Q

What is the fourth part of synapse?

A

Once they have been released, the neurotransmitters diffuse across the gap between the neurones.

47
Q

What is the fifth part of synapse?

A

The neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the second neurone and stimulate a nerve impulse.

48
Q

What is the final part of synapse?

A

Unused neurotransmitter molecules are taken back into the first neurone.

Biology year 10 (2 decks)

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