2g Gas Exchange Flashcards
What is the trachea?
A flexible tube, surrounded by rings of cartilage to stop it collapsing
What is the bronchi?
Branches of the trachea
What is the bronchioles?
Branches of a bronchus
What are the lungs?
To inhale and exhale air for gas exchange
What is the alveoli?
A site of gas exchange
What is the intercostal muscles?
To raise and lower the ribs
What are the pleural membranes?
To protect and lubricate the surface of the lung
What is the diaphragm?
A muscular ‘sheet’ between the thorax and abdomen
What is the function of a ciliated cell?
Their job is to prevent foreign particles/materials from entering the lungs by catching the particles on its small hairs, and wafting that back up into your throat.
How does the pressure inside the lungs change when inhaling and exhaling?
Inhale - Low pressure; makes us draw air
Exhale - High pressure; makes us push air out
How does the diaphragm shape change when inhaling and exhaling?
Inhale - Flat
Exhale - Domed
How do the ribs change when inhaling and exhaling?
Inhale - up and out
Exhale - in and down
How does the diaphragm muscle change when inhaling and exhaling?
Inhale - contracted
Exhale - relaxed
How does the rib muscle change when inhaling and exhaling?
Inhale - Contracted
Exhale - Relaxed
How do the lungs change when inhaling and exhaling?
Inhale - Inflates
Exhale - Deflated
How do we breathe in?
- The intercostal muscles between the ribs contract.
- This moves the ribs up and out.
- At the same time, the diaphragm muscle contracts and moves down.
- The volume of air inside the chest increases.
- This decreases the pressure inside the chest. The air pressure outside the chest is higher so air enters the lungs
How do we breathe out?
- The intercostal muscles relax
- The ribs are moved in and down.
- At the same time, the diaphragm muscle relaxes and moves up.
- The volume of the air inside the chest decreases.
- This increases the pressure inside the chest. The air pressure outside the chest is now lower so air leaves the lungs.
What are the adaptations of alveoli?
- The alveoli are folded because it increases the surface area
- The walls are one cell thick so the oxygen doesn’t have to travel a long distance
- Each alveolus is surrounded by blood capillaries
- The alveoli are moist as they aid the dissolving of gases; is much easier in liquids
What axis does the iv and dv go on?
Iv - x axis
Dv - y axis
What is breathing/ ventilation?
Working the lungs to bring air inside the body
What is aerobic respiration?
A chemical reaction where oxygen is used to release energy from food
What is Inhalation/ inspiration?
Breathing air into the lungs
What is Exhalation/ Expiration?
Breathing air out of the lungs
What is Gas exchange?
It’s the process of exchanging one gas for the other between the alveoli and capillaries
What is ventilation?
It’s the process of inhaling and exhaling
What are the symptoms of bronchitis?
- Lung infections
- Persistent cough
- Sticky mucus builds up in the lungs
What is the cause for bronchitis?
Tar forms a black sticky substance in the lungs. It can coat the tiny cilia lining in the tubes of the lungs making it more difficult to clear out dust and microorganisms. Sticky mucus builds up in the lungs
What are the symptoms of Emphysema?
- Continued coughing
- Difficulty getting into the blood
What is the cause of Emphysema?
Continued coughing tries to clear the tar from the lungs - damages the alveoli. It reduces their surface area. A person has difficulty getting oxygen into their blood so they have to breathe air containing high concentration of oxygen using a mask.
What is cancer?
- Uncontrolled division of cells
- When cells start to divide uncontrollably
Which organs are most likely to be cancerous due to smoking?
mouth, throat and lungs
What is the cause of cancer?
Some of the chemicals in tar are carcinogenic so the cells start to divide uncontrollably
What is the cause of increased blood pressure?
- Carbon monoxide in smoke
- Nicotine gas as it is a stimulant
What happens to the body cells and why when you get increased blood pressure?
Carbon monoxide replaces the oxygen in the red blood cells so the amount of oxygen they reduce is reduced. If that happens then they start to die
What is the cause of blood clots and thickening of the lining of the blood vessels?
Some chemicals from tobacco smoke cause cholesterol to be released into the blood
What are the effects of blood clots and the thickening of the lining of the blood vessels?
The linings of blood vessels have been irritated by chemicals, the cholesterol can attach to the lining which causes thickening and blood clots which could block blood flow. This stops oxygen from reaching the tissues after the blockage. If the blood clot travels to the brain it can cause coronary heart disease eg. a heart attack
What is the cause of a low birth weight baby?
If a pregnant woman smokes, it passes the carbon monoxide to the fetus.
What are the effects of a low birth weight baby?
It can slow down the fetus’ growth rate and the baby could be born with a low weight, this can have harmful consequences for the baby’s health.
What causes addiction?
Nicotine is a highly addictive substance
What are the effects of addiction?
It makes it difficult for people to give up smoking. It alters people’s moods as it is a stimulant and relaxant. These feelings can become addictive
What is the IV, DV and CV
Independent Variable - The thing that changes
Dependant Variable - What we measure
Control Variable - Stays the same
