2C Flashcards
How does DNA produce a protein
- DNA is copied into an mRNA molecule in the nucleus via transcription
- the mRNA molecule undergoes modification prior to exisiting the nuclues
- Once attachde to the ribosomes,the mRNA is read and translated forming a polypeptide chain of amino acids
- Folding of the polypeptide chain occurs in the RER and is then exported through vesicles
Function of the RER
folds, modifies and produces proteins.
function of golgi body
packages, and transports the proteins into vesicles
function of a codon chart
used to determine the amino acid by translating a genetic code into a sequence of amino acids.
what happens if a mutation occurs in a genetic code
the protein produced will not change
Eukaryotic genes all have the same
- promotor region
- start triplet
3.template strand - exons
- introns
- termination sequence
promotor region
thebeginning of sequence of DNA(TATA box) to which RNA polymerase binds to
Start triplet
where RNA polymerasebegins to copy the gene into the mRNA molecule in DNA
template strand
noncoding regionand the DNA strand to be copied during mRNA sythensis
Exons
coding regions of the gene
Introns
non coding regions of the gene
termination sequence
sequenceof DNA wheretranscription ends
degnerate/redunacy of genetic cpde
degenerate/edundancy in genetic code refers to the concept that different codons will still produce the same amino acid. for example: CCU and CCG produces proline.
What is the advantage of a genetic code being degenerate/redundant
decreases the chance of mutations because Having multiple ways to code for the same amino acid helps prevent mistakes in protein building when DNA mutates.
universal of genetic code
nearly all organisms in the world use the same codons to code for specific amino acids.
stop vs start codon
The start codon (AUG) signals the beginning of protein synthesis, while stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) indicate the end of protein synthesis
biomacromolecule
large molecules composed of smaller subunits
Types of biomacromolecules
lipid.
polysaccharide
monomasschride
nucleotide
polypeptide/protein
why could the bond between the amino acids be referred to a peptide bond, a condensation bond, a covalent bond but not a hydrogen bond
the amino acids are HELD TOGETHER by peptide bonds
the bonds between the amino acids owuld be knwon as a condensation bond because the bonds between the amino acids are condnesed.
Covalent bond because amino acids are sharing electrons
The bonds betweenthe amino aicd is not a hydrogen bond because hydrogen bonds are too weak to hold amino acids together
proteins are both biomacromolecules and polymeres because
proteins are biomacromolcules because they are large organic molecules. Proteins are also polymers bceause they are made up of a chain of amino acid monomers
differnece between RNA polyermisation and condensation reaction
RNA polyermisation produces a diphosphate molecule, whereas condensationreaction produces water
RNA polyermisation
RNA polymerization is the process by which RNA polymerase enzyme synthesizes RNA molecules using a DNA template during transcription.
why is gene regulation nesseceary
In order for the body to save energy and only make proteins when needed, gene transcription needs to be turned on or off depending on the conditions found within a cell and whether a protein needs to be made or not.
ould be switched off.
what is used to turn gene transicpriton on or off
· Regulatory (repressor) proteins are used to turn transcription on and off
In certain organisms, such as prokaryotes, multiple structural genes that share a common purpose can often be
arranged into groups so that their expression is efficiently controlled
by a single promoter and operator in what is
known as an operon.
· The trp operon is one example of this
Since a genetic code is degenerate, if a mutation in the gene code occured what would happen
if the genetic code is degenerate and a mutation in the gene code occured, the protein produced will not change.
benefits of universla geneitc code
It allows for the transfer of genetic information between different species, which is crucial in research and biotechnology
tertiary structure
tertirayr stuructre can be stabilised by disulfide bridges
describe how the function 3D structure of a protein is formed
The functional 3D structure of a protein is formed primarily through the bonding and interactions between the R-groups of amino acids within the polypeptide chain
Suggest how the functional diversity of proteins arises.
The functional diversity of proteins arises through the ability to create many combinations of amino acids and polypeptide chains of differing lengths, thereby allowing proteins to fold into different functional structures.1
why is DNA double stranded.
sometimes mutations still produce the same amino acid. Explain how this may occur.
Mutations may not lead to the production of a different amino acid due to the degenerate nature of the genetic code,1which allows for multiple different codons or triplets to code for the same amino acid.2
Explain whether an operator region would be found within the p53 gene of humans.
No, an operator region would not be found in the p53 gene of humans, as operator regions are only found in prokaryotes, and not eukaryotes.
