2C

Question 1

How does DNA produce a protein

Answer 1

1. DNA is copied into an mRNA molecule in the nucleus via transcription
2. the mRNA molecule undergoes modification prior to exisiting the nuclues
3. Once attachde to the ribosomes,the mRNA is read and translated forming a polypeptide chain of amino acids
4. Folding of the polypeptide chain occurs in the RER and is then exported through vesicles

Question 2

Function of the RER

Answer 2

folds, modifies and produces proteins.

Question 3

function of golgi body

Answer 3

packages, and transports the proteins into vesicles

Question 4

function of a codon chart

Answer 4

used to determine the amino acid by translating a genetic code into a sequence of amino acids.

Question 5

what happens if a mutation occurs in a genetic code

Answer 5

the protein produced will not change

Question 6

Eukaryotic genes all have the same

Answer 6

1. promotor region
2. start triplet
   3.template strand
3. exons
4. introns
5. termination sequence

Question 7

promotor region

Answer 7

thebeginning of sequence of DNA(TATA box) to which RNA polymerase binds to

Question 8

Start triplet

Answer 8

where RNA polymerasebegins to copy the gene into the mRNA molecule in DNA

Question 9

template strand

Answer 9

noncoding regionand the DNA strand to be copied during mRNA sythensis

Question 9

Exons

Answer 9

coding regions of the gene

Question 10

Introns

Answer 10

non coding regions of the gene

Question 11

termination sequence

Answer 11

sequenceof DNA wheretranscription ends

Question 12

degnerate/redunacy of genetic cpde

Answer 12

degenerate/edundancy in genetic code refers to the concept that different codons will still produce the same amino acid. for example: CCU and CCG produces proline.

Question 13

What is the advantage of a genetic code being degenerate/redundant

Answer 13

decreases the chance of mutations because Having multiple ways to code for the same amino acid helps prevent mistakes in protein building when DNA mutates.

Question 14

universal of genetic code

Answer 14

nearly all organisms in the world use the same codons to code for specific amino acids.

Question 15

stop vs start codon

Answer 15

The start codon (AUG) signals the beginning of protein synthesis, while stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) indicate the end of protein synthesis

Question 16

biomacromolecule

Answer 16

large molecules composed of smaller subunits

Question 17

Types of biomacromolecules

Answer 17

lipid.
polysaccharide
monomasschride
nucleotide
polypeptide/protein

Question 18

why could the bond between the amino acids be referred to a peptide bond, a condensation bond, a covalent bond but not a hydrogen bond

Answer 18

the amino acids are HELD TOGETHER by peptide bonds

the bonds between the amino acids owuld be knwon as a condensation bond because the bonds between the amino acids are condnesed.

Covalent bond because amino acids are sharing electrons

The bonds betweenthe amino aicd is not a hydrogen bond because hydrogen bonds are too weak to hold amino acids together

Question 19

proteins are both biomacromolecules and polymeres because

Answer 19

proteins are biomacromolcules because they are large organic molecules. Proteins are also polymers bceause they are made up of a chain of amino acid monomers

Question 20

differnece between RNA polyermisation and condensation reaction

Answer 20

RNA polyermisation produces a diphosphate molecule, whereas condensationreaction produces water

Question 21

RNA polyermisation

Answer 21

RNA polymerization is the process by which RNA polymerase enzyme synthesizes RNA molecules using a DNA template during transcription.

Question 22

why is gene regulation nesseceary

Answer 22

In order for the body to save energy and only make proteins when needed, gene transcription needs to be turned on or off depending on the conditions found within a cell and whether a protein needs to be made or not.
ould be switched off.

Question 23

what is used to turn gene transicpriton on or off

Answer 23

· Regulatory (repressor) proteins are used to turn transcription on and off

Question 24

In certain organisms, such as prokaryotes, multiple structural genes that share a common purpose can often be

arranged into groups so that their expression is efficiently controlled

Answer 24

by a single promoter and operator in what is

known as an operon.

· The trp operon is one example of this

Question 25

Since a genetic code is degenerate, if a mutation in the gene code occured what would happen

Answer 25

if the genetic code is degenerate and a mutation in the gene code occured, the protein produced will not change.

Question 26

benefits of universla geneitc code

Answer 26

It allows for the transfer of genetic information between different species, which is crucial in research and biotechnology

Question 27

tertiary structure

Answer 27

tertirayr stuructre can be stabilised by disulfide bridges

Question 28

describe how the function 3D structure of a protein is formed

Answer 28

The functional 3D structure of a protein is formed primarily through the bonding and interactions between the R-groups of amino acids within the polypeptide chain

Question 29

Suggest how the functional diversity of proteins arises.

Answer 29

The functional diversity of proteins arises through the ability to create many combinations of amino acids and polypeptide chains of differing lengths, thereby allowing proteins to fold into different functional structures.1

Question 30

why is DNA double stranded.

Question 31

sometimes mutations still produce the same amino acid. Explain how this may occur.  

Answer 31

Mutations may not lead to the production of a different amino acid due to the degenerate nature of the genetic code,1which allows for multiple different codons or triplets to code for the same amino acid.2

Question 32

Explain whether an operator region would be found within the p53 gene of humans.

Answer 32

No, an operator region would not be found in the p53 gene of humans, as operator regions are only found in prokaryotes, and not eukaryotes.