2B.2

Question 1

what does the size of a wave depend on

Answer 1

• The strength of the wind
• How long the wind has been blowing for
• Water depth
• Distance of fetch

Question 2

What is a high energy coastline

Answer 2

• associated with more powerful waves, so occur in areas w arge fetch.
• typically have rocky headlands and landforms and fairly frequent destructive waves.
• these coastlines are often eroding as the rate of erosion exceeds the rate of deposition.

Question 3

What is a low energy coastline

Answer 3

• have less powerful waves and
• occur in sheltered areas where constructive waves prevail and as a result these are often fairly sandy areas
• There are landforms of deposition as the rates of deposition exceed the rates of erosion.

Question 4

What are concordant coastlines

Answer 4

The folding or arrangement of alternating hard and soft rocks is parallel to the coasts (dalmation coastline types)
examples: eastern coast of the adriatic, south facing coast of dorset

Question 5

What are the product of concordant coastlines

Answer 5

more resistant rock froms elongated island, less resistant rock forms long inlets or coves

Question 6

What are discordant coasts

Answer 6

folding or arrangement of alternating hard and soft rocks is at right angles to the coast (atlantic coastline type)
so resistant rock form headlands, less resistant rock form bays

Question 7

Why are headlands more eroded than bays

Answer 7

• The wave energy is focussed on the headlands, creating erosive features in these areas.
• The energy is dissipated in bays leading to the formation of features associated with lower energy environments such as beaches.
  so… over time the coastline smooths or becomes straighter

Question 8

What is a dalmation coast?

Answer 8

A concordant coastline with several river valleys running perpendicular to the coast. These valleys become flooded due to sea levels rising and produce long islands and inlets.

Question 9

State an examples of a discordant coastline

Answer 9

Cork Coastline - West cork, Ireland
- limestone, sandstone
- 90 degrees parallel geography
- some detached islands

Question 10

State the three features of geographical structure

Answer 10

Strata – rocks are arranged in layers
Deformation – how those layers are folded by tectonics
Faulting – fractures that happen when rocks are folded

Question 11

Give an example of geological structures in a concordant coastline

Answer 11

Strata runs parallel to the coastline
The rock strata might be folded into a series of anticlines and synclines

Question 12

Define syncline

Answer 12

a trough of stratified rock in which the beds dip toward each other from either side

Question 13

Define anticline

Answer 13

an arch of stratified rock in which the layers bend downward in opposite directions from the crest

Question 14

How does geo structure affect coastal morphology (dalmatia type)

Answer 14

River eroded, sea-level rises, synclines are drowned
Long-narrow islands are left

Tectonics have deformed and faulted the strata to form anticlines and synclines
- subaerial weathering and river erosion has begun to wear down the folded pattern in places of weakness to give impression that areas of geology is in bands from above
- if anticline and syncline bands orientated parallel to the coastline, this is conc coastline
- rivers have eroded into syncline over time and sea level has risen since last glacial maximum meaning synclines are flooded by adriatic sea
- resultant landform is a series of parallel anticline ridges on the west coast of croatia (dalmatia)
REF to 1.4 PPT

Question 15

How does geo structure affect coastal morphology (haff type)

Answer 15

Long sediment ridges
Topped by sand dunes
Run parallel to the coast offshore
Results in a series of lagoons (haffs) between the ridges and shore

Question 16

How is dalmation coast of croatia formed

Answer 16

• On the Adriatic Sea
• A concordant coastline produced by the geological structure of folds parallel to the coast.
• Tectonic forces produced by the collision of African and Eurasian plates compressed Carboniferous Limestone during the Alpine Orogeny 50 million years ago.
• Created up folded ridges (anticlines) and down folded valleys (synclines) aligned parallel to the coast.
• Sea level rise at the end of the Devensian Glacial overtopped the low points of the anticlines and the sea flooded synclines.
• This produces lines of narrow islands parallel to the coast formed by projecting sections of anticlines.
• Lines of islands separated by narrow sea channels parallel to the coast (sounds)

Question 17

How are haff coastlines formed

Answer 17

• These form where deposition produces unconsolidated geological structures parallel to the coastline.
• During the Devensian glacial the sea level was about 100 m lower than today as water was retained in huge ice sheets.
• Meltwater rivers on land beyond the ice front deposited thick layers of sand and gravels onto outwash plains (sandurs)
• In the Holocene Interglacial constructive waves pushed the ride of sands and gravel landwards as sea levels rose.
• Sand ridge formed bars across some bays and river mouths, with trapped river water forming a lagoon behind (callled haffs in Poland on the Baltic Sea)