2b- Nile Delta + Flamborough Head

Question 1

Flamborough head location

Answer 1

• North East UK
• salt burn
• borders North Sea

Question 2

FH- Physical factor - Wind + waves

Answer 2

Fetch = from NNW, 1500km over stormy North Sea
Waves= average >4m

Question 3

FH- Physical factor - tides

Answer 3

• macro tidal range (large) = 4m
• due to UK bring on continental shelf so surrounded by shallower ocean
• wave cut notches more significant = more of cliff impacted = faster cliff retreat

Question 4

FH- Physical factor - geology

Answer 4

• disconcordant coastline
• bays + headlands form

weaker clays + Shales = 0.8m a year

stronger chalk + Limestone = 0.1m a year

Question 5

What direction is sediment carried at FB ( think prevailing wind)

Answer 5

North to south
NNW prevailing wind

Question 6

Where is the source of most sediment at FB

Answer 6

90% from cliff erosion

Question 7

What is the orientation of FB cost + why is this significant

Answer 7

• salt burn faces NW = faces waves head on = high rates of erosion

Question 8

Major landforms at FB

Answer 8

Filey brigg = headland
Filey bay = bay sheltered by Filey brig
Robin hoods bay

Question 9

How might landforms change over time at FB

Answer 9

1- bays become wider as waves refract around headland
2- cliffs retreat = retreating coastline
3- caves become arches ect
4- slumping of soft rocks= sloping profile
5- rising sea level allows waves to reach high = erosion will continue despite increasing WCPs

Question 10

Inter-relationship of landforms FB

Answer 10

1- erosion of bays creates headlands = allows caves + other landforms to form
2- waves refract + lose energy on headland = sheltered areas in bays have deposition = beaches
3- erosion of cliffs = forms WCP + provides sediment for beaches

Question 11

Location of Nile delta

Answer 11

• Northern Egypt/ Africa
• borders Mediterranean

Question 12

ND- Physical factor - Wind

Answer 12

• prevailing wind = NW over calm Mediterranean
  -fetch = 750km

Question 13

ND- Physical factor - waves

Answer 13

• average wave height = 0.94 , very low energy
• occasional summer storm = 4m wave

Question 14

ND- Physical factor - geology

Answer 14

• concordant coastline
  -weak Lithology + structure = silts + sands
• occasional limestone outcrop (Alexandria)
• easily eroded

Question 15

ND- Physical factor -Tides

Answer 15

• small tidal range = 0.5m
• Mediterranean is a small enclosed sea = little water to be pulled into tidal bulge
• less range for erosion

Question 16

ND- Physical factor - Sediment supply

Answer 16

• large fluvial sediment input = 120 million tonnes/ year
• 90% sediment budget = fluvial
• Silts + sands mainly = theoretically easily eroded

Question 17

What has recently affected the sediment budget and how had this affected the coastline- ND

Answer 17

• Aswan dam 1964
• drastically reduced sediment supply
• coastline retreating up to 148m/year

Question 18

Nile delta before human impact

Answer 18

-Deposition has exceeded erosion for past 3000 years
- building of Aswan dam has caused retreat showing human impact on landscapes

Question 19

Key landforms Nile delta

Answer 19

• limestone headland at Alexandria
• manzala bar + manzala lake behind
• Damietta + Rosetta promontories

Question 20

What is a delta

Answer 20

Large areas of sediment build up at river mouths

Question 21

What is flocculation

Answer 21

1- Occors when salt and freshwater meet
2- causes clumping of sediment = when sediment gets big enough it is deposited/ dropped as it is too much energy to carry

Question 22

Interrelationships at Nile delta

Answer 22

1- promontory’s (at distributaries mouth) are build up of sediment= supply’s sediment for LSD eastwards= manzala bar produced (50km long)
2- promontory’s shelter coast = encourage deposition
3- Alexandria headland shelters Abu-Qir bay = beach
4- manzala bar shelters area behind = salt marsh
5- waves arriving parralel to Abu-Qir bay = rip currents= offshore bars

Question 23

How might Nile delta change over time

Answer 23

• coastline retreats due to decreased sediment budget
• burrulus spit breached = had been a bar

Question 24

How do rip currents form ( Abu Qir bay)

Answer 24

• waves arrive parallel to coast
• backwash cannot flow off beach due to too much incoming swash = backwash is forced to concentrate on one area
  = strong outgoing current / rip current
• offshore bars form due to backwash losing energy and depositing sediment

Question 25

How might warmer climate affect FH

Answer 25

• more chemical weathering = coastline retreats faster
• chance for coastal flooding + formation of submergent landforms

Question 26

How might warmer climate affect Nile delta

Answer 26

• excessive coastal flooding due to very flat land eg: Alexandria would submerge after 50cm rise
• more water in Nile = more fluvial sediment = more deposition

Question 27

How much are sea levels rising a year in Mediterranean

Answer 27

1.2 mm a year
Less than global due to being a enclosed sea

Question 28

How much would sea levels need to rise to submerge Alexandria - ND

Answer 28

0.5m / 50cm

Question 29

how tall are cliffs at Flamborough head

Answer 29

120m
- Cliff collapse provides significant sediment

Question 30

direction of LSD at ND

Answer 30

West to East

Question 31

how could a Flood plain and river valley form before sea level change for Rias

Answer 31

-Rivers erode sediment from their banks and bedrock as they flow downstream towards the sea.
-The riverbed deepens over time. As rivers move from side to side, they gradually erode the valley, creating broad plains.
-As a river floods, it overflows its bank. The flood carries sediment out over the land. After the water withdraws, the sediment remains. If a river floods repeatedly, over time this sediment will build up into a flood plain