2B. Learning, Memory and Amnesia

Question 1

two categories of learning

Answer 1

• classical conditioning
• instrumental conditioning

Question 2

learning through association, where a neutral stimulus triggers a response after being paired with an automatic stimulus

Answer 2

classical conditioning

Question 3

learning where behavior is shaped by rewards or punishments

Answer 3

instrumental conditioning

Question 4

the physical representation of what has been learned

Answer 4

engram

Question 5

known for engram

Answer 5

Karl Lashley

Question 6

one nucleus of the cerebellum where learning occurred; damage to the cerebellum impairs a learned response only if the response needs to be made with precise timing

Answer 6

lateral interpositus nucleus (LIP)

Question 7

types of memory

Answer 7

• short-term and long-term memory
• working memory

Question 8

highly emotional experiences arouse the locus coeruleus which increases norepinephrine release throughout the cortex and dopamine release in the hippocampus

Answer 8

flashbulb memories

Question 9

refers to the way we store information while we are working with it

Answer 9

working memory

Question 10

memory loss

Answer 10

amnesia

Question 11

marked by periods of forgetfulness, confusion, slow thinking and impaired concentration

Answer 11

brain fog

Question 12

most common cause of severe memory loss

Answer 12

Alzheimer’s disease

Question 13

early childhood amnesia; a universal experience that older children and adults remember little of what happened in their first few years

Answer 13

infant amnesia

Question 14

difficulty recalling events or information that occurred before onset of amnesia

Answer 14

retrograde amnesia

Question 15

difficulty forming new memories or recalling information learned since onset of amnesia

Answer 15

anterograde amnesia

Question 16

temporary memory loss lasting several hours, typically not associated with long-term memory problems

Answer 16

transient global amnesia

Question 17

caused by traumatic brain injury, can cause difficulty recalling events before and after injury, and difficulty forming new memories

Answer 17

post-traumatic amnesia

Question 18

caused by psychological trauma or stress, may cause difficulty recalling personal information or specific events

Answer 18

dissociative amnesia

Question 19

inability to remember events from infancy or early childhood due to underdeveloped areas of the brain during this period

Answer 19

infantile amnesia