2B - Cell Membranes Flashcards
What are the different types of membrane?
- Cell membranes
* Organelle membranes
Do all cells have a cell membrane?
Yes
What type of cells also contains organelle membranes?
Eukaryotic cells
What is the function of cell surface membranes?
Control what goes in and out of cells.
What term is used to describe the way in which cell membranes control what goes in and out of cells?
Partially permeable
What are the types of molecule in cell membranes?
- Lipids (mainly phospholipids)
- Proteins
- Carbohydrates
How do carbohydrates fit in the cell membrane?
They attach to proteins or lipids (glycoproteins and glycolipids).
What is the model used to describe cell membranes?
Fluid mosaic model
Describe the fluid mosaic model.
- Continuous phospholipid bilayer -> These are constantly moving (thus “fluid”)
- Cholesterol molecules are inside the bilayer
- Channel, carrier and receptor proteins are either fixed or can move through the bilayer
- Polysaccharides attach to some proteins and lipids to form glycoproteins and glycolipids
Name all of the individual components of a cell membrane.
- Phospholipids
- Cholesterol
- Proteins -> Channel, Carrier and Receptor
- Glycoproteins
- Glycolipids
What is the role of receptor proteins in the cell-surface membrane?
- Allow the cell to detect chemicals released from other cells.
- These chemicals signal for the cell to respond in some way.
Give an example of how receptor proteins work.
Insulin binds to receptor proteins on liver cells, which tells them to absorb glucose.
Explain why the cell-surface membrane can be described as having a fluid mosaic structure.
- “Fluid” -> The phospholipids (and some other molecules) in the bilayer can move around freely.
- “Mosaic” -> The phospholipids, proteins and other molecules are arranged in a mosaic-like pattern.
What is the role of phospholipids in cell-surface membranes?
Arrange themselves in a bilayer, which acts as a barrier for water-soluble substances.
Why do phospholipids arrange themselves in a bilayer in cell-surface membranes?
- Have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
* In water, a bilayer forms with the heads facing out and the tails facing in
Why does the phospholipid bilayer in cell-surface membranes not allow water-soluble substances to pass through it?
The centre of the bilayer is hydrophobic (that’s where the hydrophobic tails are).
Which parts of a phospholipid molecule are hydrophobic and hydrophilic?
- Hydrophobic - Tail
* Hydrophilic - Head
What type of molecule is cholesterol?
Lipid
In what type of cell membrane is cholesterol found?
All types, except bacterial cell membranes.
Where in the cell-surface membrane is cholesterol found and what does this do?
- Between phospholipid molecules
* This restricts the movements of the phospholipids, making the membrane less fluid and more rigid
What is the role of cholesterol in cell-surface membranes?
- The cholesterol between phospholipids restricts their movement and makes the membrane more rigid
- This maintains the shape of cells
In which cells is cholesterol in the membrane especially important?
Cells that aren’t supported by other cells (e.g. RBCs floating freely in the blood)
What experiment can be used to investigate how temperature affects cell membrane permeability?
Beetroot in water experiment
Describe an experiment to investigate the effect of temperature on cell membrane permeability (beetroot).
1) Cut 5 equal sized pieces of beetroot and rinse.
2) Add the pieces to 5 test tubes and add 5cm3 of water to each.
3) Place each tube in a water bath at a different temperature (e.g. 10C, 20C, 30*C, etc.) and for the same length of time.
4) Remove the beetroot and keep only the coloured water.
5) Use a colorimeter to measure the absorption of each sample - The higher the absorbance, the more pigment is released, so the higher the membrane permeability.
6) Draw a graph of the results.
What is a colorimeter and what must be done when using it?
• A device that passes light through liquid and measures how much is absorbed.• First, it must be calibrated at 0 by taking a measurement with pure water
Describe how cell membrane permeability changes with temperature.
• There is a minimum permeability at a certain temperature (e.g. 0C).
• Below this temperature (below 0C), permeability increases rapidly.
• Above that temperature (0 - 45C), permeability increases gradually. Eventually (above 45C), it increases rapidly.
(See diagram pg 37 of revision guide)
Explain membrane permeability below 0*C.
• Permeability increases rapidly as temperature decreases.
BECAUSE:
• Channel and carrier protein deform
• Ice crystals may form, piercing the membrane
Explain membrane permeability 0 - 45*C.
• Permeability increases as temperature increases.
BECAUSE:
• Phospholipids gain energy, move around faster and are less tightly packed
Explain membrane permeability above 45*C.
• Permeability increases rapidly as temperature increases.
BECAUSE:
• Phospholipid bilayer starts to melt
• Water inside the cell expands, putting pressure on the membrane
• Channel and carrier proteins denature
Name 2 factors that may affect the permeability of cell membranes.
- Temperature
* Solvent concentration
What is diffusion?
- The net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
- It is a passive process.
In diffusion, do particles only move from high to low concentration?
No, they move both ways, but the NET movement is from high to low concentration.
For how long does diffusion happen?
Until the particles are evenly distributed throughout the liquid or gas.
When answering a diffusion question, what is it important to mention?
It is a PASSIVE process.
Does diffusion / facilitated diffusion require energy?
No, it is a passive process.
When can diffusion happen across a membrane?
When:
• Going from high to low concentration
• The particles can move freely through the membrane
Why can oxygen and CO2 easily diffuse through cell membranes?
- Small -> Can pass between phospholipids
* Non-polar -> Soluble in lipids + can dissolve in the hydrophobic bilayer