2.b Brazil - EDC Flashcards
current patterns
emigration
- socio - economic reasons - lower income in Brazil
- estab. links between Brazil and Japan
- net loss of people
- many going to Europe and usa - biggest flows - Portugal - shared language
immigration
- language and colonial reasonings
- linkage between countries
- increased popularity as a destination - increase tourism
patterns changes over time
Late 19th century to early 20th century: Brazil was a net recipient of migrants * Draw of agricultural workers from Italy and Portugal to coffee plantations
* Slowing of immigration into Brazil in the last 15 years
* 80,000 fewer migrants in Brazil at the start of the century
Brazil connected to the other countries - economically
PORTUGAL
- Portugal was a gateway ot rest of Europe
- migrant remittences was very important factor for families
USA
- 100s of low skilled economic workers in usa able to remit
- strong links in education and teaching
- high skilled bazillians to usa for more opportunities
HAITi
- linked to join relatives and where low skilled workers went - agriculture
Brazil connected to the other countries - politically
PORTUGAL
- Brazil - former colony of P and today Portuguese gov. still gives special status to Brazil migrants
USA
- Many political links between the two countries regarding agriculture, trade, finance,
education and defence
HAITI
-Haitians and West Africans receive visas relatively easily at state immigration centres in Brazil
* Over 11,000 Haitian immigrants moved to Brazil in 2013
Brazil connected to the other countries - socially
PORTUGAL
- shared language, ancestory and fam ties contribute to the ease with which migrants in both countries can be integrated
- supported by well -dev socio-diaspora links in both countries.
USA
- follows economic reasons
HAITI
- num of immigrants grew from 1681 in 2010 to 11,072 in 2013 - as Haitians escape poverty, unemployment, instability.
- many intend to join friends and relatives in southwest of Brazil where low skilled jobs available in agriculture and factories
Brazil connected to the other countries - environmentally
- USAID gives support to Brazil in many environmental projects
- range from practical help - training ingenious people to protect tribal lands from forest fires or assisting the Brazilian gov. in designing and implementing laws concerning forest gov. and sustainable management
how migration impacted - economic development - positively
positive
recent arrivals of highly skilled professionals with employment contracts have contributed to entrepreneurship, innovation and reducing gaps in labour markets
these workers improve the skills base in Brazil and contribute to Brazil being an attractive destination.
“Asunción Agreement” has contributed to Brazil being an attractive destination
textile industry is managed by migrants from South Korea who have undocumented Bolivian, Peruvian and Columbian workers. they accept poor labour conditions and low wages because of their vulnerable situation = economic growth for Brazil
between 2010 and 2014, Brazil’s economic growth drew large numbers of migrants to the country.
how migration impacted - economic development - neg
negative
textile industry is managed by migrants from South Korea who have undocumented Bolivian, Peruvian and Columbian workers. they accept poor labour conditions and low wages because of their vulnerable situation = economic growth for Brazil but bad for migrants
between 2010 and 2014, Brazil’s economic growth drew large numbers of migrants to the country. yet recent economic stagnation has slowed this trend- just 94,000 foreigners arrived in 2016, down from 122,000 in 2014, a 23% decrease
how migration impacted - political stability
long standing inter-connections between Brazil and Japan originate from colonial times when Portugese explorers landed in Japan and founded the city of Nagasaki
this historic link has helped foster bi-lateral trade agreements and trade relations are expanding
over 450 Japanese companies operate out of Brazil and Brazil ranks 10th for FDI into Japan
the bi-lateral movement of people and business has helped strengthen political relations and cooperation between the 2 countries
in may 2017, following a year of political turmoil, the National Congress unanimously approved a new migration law designed to replace the 1980 statute of the Foreigner which treated immigrants as threats to National security. it established rules against discrimination and gave immigrants the right to unionize and participate in political demonstrations.
how migration impacted - political stability - negatively
how migration impacted - social equality - negatively
according to UNESCO, there are inequalities in Brazilian society between different ethnic groups.
inequalities exist in housing provision, access to services, educational attainment and income, Brazilians of African descent are most affected
inequalities have a spatial perspective, w/ poverty concentrated in rural areas or in the favelas to which the poor migrate
there is prejudice and discrimination in the labour market, especially against black and indigenous populations, and this impedes their full economic, political and social development
in the NW of the country where, for example, the Haitian migrants are concentrated, large numbers of migrants can be a source of social inequality
evaluation of Impacts
social inequality - most neg.
economic dev. - improving and most impact positive
how is there interdependence between Brazil and USA?
- the links between the US and Brazil are important in political, socio-economic and environmental terms
the many thousands of low-skilled economic migrants working in the USA are able to remit significant monies, while returning migrants having aquired skills and knowledge, are able to contribute to Brazilian development - highly skilled Brazilians are increasingly finding opportunities to work in the USA especially in the service sector
- there are strong links in education and teacher training
- the USA has negotiated agreement with Brazil regarding agriculture, trade, finance, education and defence
in addition USAID gives support to Brazil in many environmental projects. these range from practical help such as training Xavante indigenous people to protect their tribal lands from forest fires, to assisting the Brazilian government in designing and implementing laws concerning forest governance and sustainable forest management
how is there interdependence between Brazil and Haiti?
Brazil has developed political, economic and humanitarian relationship w/ Haiti
the national immigration council for Brazil enables Haitian immigrants to obtain visas relatively easily in Haiti, and reducing their vulnerability to trafficking networks
great benefit to Haitians who have found it difficult to recover from the devastating earthquake of 2010 which displaced 1.5 mill, and the effects of Hurricane Sandy in 2012
the number of immigrants grew from 1681 in 2010 to 11,072 in 2013 and this continues to rise as Hatians attempt to escape the political instability, unemployment, poverty, poor access to education and the country’s appalling human rights record, especially gender based violence
many intend to join friends and relatives in the south east of Brazil where low skilled jobs are available in agriculture and the factories of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina
