2.a global migration is more complex Flashcards
economic globalisation
as globalisation occurs, countries become more inter-linked with flows of people and money.
as more countries develop, they attract flows of migrants to them
also, as many ACs tighten migration policies, migrants look for new countries to move to
an increasing number of countries and their economies have become more interdependent (GLOBALISATION)
the ↑ complexity of global migration can be linked to this ↑ in the globalisation process
major bi-lateral corridors and traditional migration partnerships have remained strong, but in addition new places of origin and new destinations for migrants have emerged as the effects of globalisation have spread.
mexico to USA- looking for jobs, better education and opportunities
Qatar has 91% migrant population
india to middle east
what does economic globalisation migration set off?
POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP
example of intra-regional migrant flow
intra-regional migrant flow within South America
- to the southern cone of Argentina, Chile, Paraguay and Uraguay
- regional integrations has eased immigration through free movement of labour
- 28.5 m people living outside countries of origin in South America
examples of 2 new inter-regional flows of migrants
migration of highly skilled workers from China, India and Brazil to the USA, including graduates, especially in science, maths and technology and those in professional and business services, attracted by high salaries and the QoL
migration of workers from Bangladesh, the Philippines and Indonesia to oil-producing Gulf States and Saudi Arabia. attracted by increased demand for labour, relatively high wages, ease of returning formal remittances, accomodation and improved transport and communications
female migrants patterns changing
over last 20 yrs, number of women migrants has ↑ worldwide, as global demand for labour focused on domestic work, services and hospitality has increased.
2016 women = more than half of the worlds 232 million migrants
some migrate independently as breadwinners for families, others will be trafficked and suffer human rights abuses
if women dont migrate themselves, they become heads of household and family welfare improves as women choose to spend the money on health and education
how can migration benefit women?
migration can enhance the independence of women and well as their authority and worth in their communities
introduction to more equitable social norms = improved women’s rights
when they return home they maintain their autonomy, bring new skills and help change gender stereotypes
this may include changing expectations on family size, challenging accepted ideas re FGM and the role of women
migrant women tend to send home a higher % of their earning as remittances (although they may earn less due to nature of their work)
what are some of the reasons women and children are now migrating?
men who have already made the journey are now bringing their families to join them
women and children have a higher chance of recieving protection in EU countries, so more are risking the journey
flows in S/S corridors at equal magnitude of N/S
- number of fast growing of ecomomy in south - offer employment opp and increase accesibilities
- shows how global flows affected by friction of distance
- restricitve administartive barriers form migrants attempting toenter the norht - redirected ot the south
- awareness of opp due to improved communicatins and developing social and business networks
- preventaive costs form going further distant to richer countries in north
- refugess fleeing conflict
changes in national immigration/Emmigration policies
– more dev/stronger gov. - able to influnce mig. as able to contol boarders better
- affects flows of people by encouragung or disincouragung movements in or out
e.g - austrailia - until 1970 gov. encouraged young fams to migrate - affected current days cultral mix
conflict and persecution increasing refugee numbers
- happens for length of conflict
- due to number of new conflict increasing - leads to more complex pattern of refugees and asylum seekers across the world
e.g - ongoing conflict in syria - move to Europe
-effects of conflict including personal saftey, loss of homes, access to services, damage to other infrastructure includiing commincations - political perserctution, discrimination and violation of HR
- economic hardship - forced labpour and slavery
- impacts of naturla hazards
increases num of migrants world wide
sig - v sig as increases asylum seekers seeking refuge but only lasts light of conflict - to continuous
development of distinct bi-lateral flows
simply the migrant flow between two countries - some artr large and some longstanding
bilateral migrant corridors include -
- cost of travel which may be related to proximity - E
- ease of access and communication between countries - S
- efficiency and cost of sending remittences - E
- emplyment opp. and wage differentials - E
- established diaspora communities and networks - S
- migrant policy, acession to economic inions an dpolicies on refugees - P
- Former colonial influence - language - P,S
SIG? - create interdepndance between countires and produce flows of trade, capital, tech, idea a nd people across international borders
which demographic group of migrants are most common?
male dominance
largest groups are young, aged 25-39
demand for workers in the oil producing countries of the Middle East such as UAE, Qatar and Saudi Arabi is an example of young, labour driven migration
Flows in Saudi Arabi -> dominated by young males w/ a high proportion working in construction.
majority are low skilled, many not educated beyond primary level.
what fraction of migrant remittances were sent between south-south flows in 2013?
2/3
Bangladesh -> India corridor which had the world’s 3rd largest bilateral flow of 3.3 million migrants
for the Burkina Faso/Ivory Coast example of south-south flow, give some key facts about it and identify the key push and pull factors
Burkina Faso:
- landlocked, low income
- GDP of $684/head
Ivory Coast:
- lower middle income country
- world’s largest exporter of cocoa
- 2013 had GDP of $1529/head
2013 = 560000 Ivorians living in Burkina Faso. 1.46 mill from Burkina Faso living in Ivory Coast
employment opportunities and higher wages available in the ivory coast’s cocoa and coffee plants. income disparity between the 2 countries is relatively small but sufficient to encourage sig. flows
opportunities for migrant farmers in the more fertile lands of ivory coast
former french colonial administration in both countries has led to shared language, currency and a cultural system which has made it easier for those of Burkinabe descent to travel to the more prosperous Ivory Coast
how many refugees are there worldwide and how has this changed?
increased from 15.7 mill in 2012 to 19.5 mill in 2014
