2b Flashcards

1
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.

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2
Q

Three functions of proteins in living cells, other than acting as a catalyst

A

Building and repairing of body tissues, regulation of body processes and formation of enzymes and hormones

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3
Q

Why does an enzyme catalyst reaction stop when the reaction mixture is heated above a certain temperature

A

The bonds holding the enzyme together break. This destroys the enzyme’s special shape and so it wont work anymore. It is said to be denatured.

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4
Q

In which three places is amylase produced?

A

The salivary glands, the pancreas and the small intestine

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5
Q

Where in the body is bile produced?

A

Bile is a alkaline substance produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.

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6
Q

Where in the body is bile stored?

A

Bile is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder. After eating, this stored bile is discharged into the duodenum.

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7
Q

Where in the body is bile used?

A

It is secreted into the small intestine where it emulsifies fat.

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8
Q

Why does the body produce hydrochloric acid?

A

To kill bacteria and to give the correct pH for the protease enzyme to work.

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9
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy

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10
Q

Two examples of how an animal uses the energy released from aerobic respiration

A

To build up larger molecules from smaller ones, in animals to allow the muscles to contract, in mammals and birds the energy is used to keep their body temperature steady.

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11
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

glucose + energy = lactic acid

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12
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

When you are exercising and your body cant supply enough oxygen to your muscles, it starts doing an anaerobic respiration, which is the incomplete breakdown of glucose.

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13
Q

How do you repay an oxygen debt?

A

By keeping your pulse and breathing rate high to get more oxygen into your blood. Blood flows through your muscles to remove the lactic acid by oxidizing it to harmless C02 and water.

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14
Q

Two kinds of enzymes that would be useful in a biological washing powder

A

The enzymes used are proteases and lipases because the enzymes break down animal and plant matter, they’re ideal for removing stains like food or blood.

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15
Q

How does DNA control the activities of a cell

A

DNA controls cell functions by controlling protein synthesis. The proteins that are synthesized according to the DNA code function to control and regulate all aspects of the cell’s activities.

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16
Q

How is DNA fingerprinting is used in forensic science?

A

DNA taken from a crime scene is compared with a DNA sample from a suspect.

17
Q

What is mitosis used for in the body?

A

It makes new cells for growth and repair.

18
Q

How does mitosis work?

A

During mitosis, a cell duplicates all of it’s contents, including its chromosomes, and splits to form two identical daughter cells.

19
Q

What are the other types of cell division and where does it happen in the body of a human male?

A

Meiosis and in the sperm cell or gamete.

20
Q

What is differentiation in a cell?

A

The process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type.

21
Q

What is meiosis?

A

A cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell,

22
Q

Which chromosomes in the human body causes male characteristics?

A

The Y chromosomes.

23
Q

Three important conclusions that Mendel reached following his experiments with pea plants

A

Characteristics in plants are determined by “hereditary units”, Hereditary units are passed on from both parents, one unit from each parent and Hereditary units can be dominant and recessive and if an individual has both the dominant and the recessive unit for a characteristic, the dominant characteristic will be expressed.

24
Q

What is an allele?

A

Each of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

25
Q

What is meant by an organism being heterozygous?

A

Heterozygous means that an organism has two different alleles of a gene.

26
Q

What is meant by an organism being homozygous?

A

When an individual has two of the same allele, whether dominant or recessive, they are homozygous.

27
Q

What is the basic difference between a recessive allele and a dominant one?

A

A person with a dominant allele for a specific trait always expresses that trait, even if the other copy of the allele he possesses is recessive.

28
Q

If both parents carry recessive allele for cystic fibrosis, what is the probability of their child being a carrier?

A

100%

29
Q

What is polydactyly?

A

Polydactyly is a genetic disorder where a baby’s born with extra fingers or toes.

30
Q

Describe the three ways that fossils can form and give an example of each type.

A

Dead animals and plants can be preserved in amber - hardened tree resin - peat bogs, tar pits, or in ice.
Casts or impressions, such as foot prints, can be covered by layers of sediments. These eventually become rock, so preserving the casts.
Hard body parts, such as bones, shells and leaves, can be covered by layers of sediments. Over time the parts are gradually replaced by minerals.

31
Q

Three reasons why some species become extinct

A

Many native species have become endangered or extinct because they have been killed, had their food eaten or lost their habitat due to introduced species.

32
Q

What is specification?

A

the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.