2b Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A catalyst is a substance which increases the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up in the reaction

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2
Q

Why do enzymes have special shapes?

A

So they can catalyse reactions

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3
Q

What is needed for an enzyme to work?

A

The substance involved in the reaction has to fit its shape for the reaction to be catalysed

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4
Q

At what temperature, in the human body, do enzymes work best?

A

37 degrees

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5
Q

What happens if an enzyme gets too hot?

A

Bonds holding the enzyme together are broken, so the special shape is destroyed. The enzyme is denatured

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6
Q

What pH do enzymes USUALLY work best at?

A

pH 7

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7
Q

What pH do protease enzymes work best at?

A

pH 2

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8
Q

Why does the stomach produce hydrochloric acid?

A

To kill bacteria and give the right pH for the protease enzyme to work

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9
Q

What do digestive enzymes do?

A

Break down big molecules into small one so they can pass through the walls of the digestive system

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10
Q

What enzyme converts starch into sugars?

A

Amylase

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11
Q

Where is amylase made?

A
  1. The salivary glands
  2. The pancreas
  3. The small intestine
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12
Q

What converts proteins into amino acids?

A

Protease

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13
Q

What is protease called in the stomach?

A

Pepsin

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14
Q

Where is protease made?

A
  1. The stomach
  2. The pancreas
  3. The small intestine
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15
Q

What converts lipids into glycerol and fatty acids?

A

Lipase

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16
Q

Where is lipase made?

A
  1. The pancreas

2. The small intestine

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17
Q

What does amylase convert?

A

Starch into sugars

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18
Q

What does protease convert?

A

Proteins into amino acids

19
Q

What does lipase convert?

A

Lipids into glycerol and fatty acids?

20
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

The liver

21
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

The gall bladder

22
Q

Where is bile released?

A

The small intestine

23
Q

What does bile do?

A

Neutralises the stomach acid and emulsifies fat

24
Q

Why does bile neutralise the stomach acid?

A

The hydrochloric acid produced in the stomach makes the pH too acidic for enzymes in the small intestine to work

25
Q

How does bile neutralise stomach acid?

A

It’s alkaline so makes conditions alkaline

26
Q

How does bile emulsify fat?

A

It breaks fat into tiny droplets

27
Q

Why does bile emulsify fat?

A

To give a bigger surface area of fat for lipase to work on to speed up digestion

28
Q

What is the function of the salivary glands?

A

They produce saliva which contains amylase

29
Q

What does the stomach do?

A
  1. Pummels the food with the muscular walls
  2. Produces pepsin
  3. Produces hydrochloric acid
30
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

It produces bile

31
Q

What is the function of the gall bladder?

A

It stores bile

32
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Produces protease, amylase and lipase. It RELEASES these into the small intestine

33
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

It absorbs excess water from food to form faeces

34
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A
  1. Produces protease, lipase and amylase to complete digestion
  2. Absorbs digested food into the blood
35
Q

What are enzymes used for?

A
  1. Biological detergents
  2. Change foods
  3. Industry
36
Q

How are enzymes useful in biological detergents and washing powders?

A

They work at low temperatures so are cost and energy efficient

37
Q

What enzymes are involved in biological detergents and washing powders?

A

Proteases and lipases, they digest proteins and fat so remove stains like food and blood

38
Q

How are enzymes used in baby food?

A

Proteins are pre-digested by proteases which makes it easier for babies to digest food

39
Q

How are enzymes used in foods?

A

Glucose syrup can be turned into fructose syrup using isomerase enzyme

40
Q

What is an advantage of fructose syrup?

A

It is sweeter so less is needed, which is good for slimming food as it is less calories

41
Q

How are enzymes useful in industry?

A

They speed up reactions without the need for high temperatures and pressures

42
Q

What are the advantages of using enzymes in industry?

A
  1. They are specific so only catalyse the reaction if you want them to
  2. Lower temperatures and pressures means a lower cost as it saves energy
  3. Enzymes work for a long time so after the initial cost of buying them you can continually use them
  4. They are biodegradable so cause less pollution
43
Q

What are the disadvantages of using enzymes in industry?

A
  1. Some people can develop allergies to the enzymes
  2. Enzymes can be denatured by a small increase in temperature or an increase/decrease in pH so conditions need to be controlled
  3. Enzymes can be expensive to produce
  4. Contamination of the enzyme with other substances can affect the reaction