Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOLOGY ADDITIONAL > 2b > Flashcards

2b Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define catalyst

A

A catalyst is a substance which increases the speed of reaction, with ought being changed or used up in the reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why do enzymes have special shapes?

A

So they can catalyse reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do chemical reactions usually involve?

A

Things either being split apart or joined together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why can enzymes generally only catalyse one reaction?

A

Every enzyme has a unique shape that fits onto the substance involved in a reaction, the substance has to fit its special shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What two things do enzymes need?

A

The right temperature and pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens if an enzyme gets too hot?

A

Higher temperature increases the rate at first. But if it gets too hot, some of the bonds holding the enzyme together break. This destroys the enzymes’s special shape and so it won’t work any more. Its said to be denatured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens if the pH of an enzyme is too high or too low?

A

The pH interferes with bonds holding the enzyme together. This changes the shape and denatures the enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the five main parts of the digestive system?

A

Glands, the stomach, large intestine, small intestine, liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do digestive enzymes do?

A

Break down big molecules into smaller ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name three examples of BIG molecules

A

Starch, proteins and fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name four examples of smaller molecules

A

Sugars, amino acids, glycerol and fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why do big molecules need to be broken down into smaller molecules in the digestive system?

A

So that they can pass easily through the walls of the digestive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does amylase do?

A

Converts starch into sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What three places is amylase made?

A

The salivary glands, the pancreas, the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does protease do?

A

Converts protein into amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What three places is protease made?

A

The stomach, the pancreas, the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does lipase do?

A

Converts lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What two places is lipase made?

A

The pancreas, the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are lipids?

A

Fats and oils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where is bile produced and stored?

A

Produced in the over, stored in the gall bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does bile do?

A

Neutralises the stomach acid and emulsifies fats (breaks the fat into tiny droplets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the three main functions of the stomach?

A

Pummels the food within muscular walls, produces protease enzyme, produces hydrochloric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why does the stomach produce hydrochloric acid?

A

To kill bacteria, to give he right pH for the protease enzyme to work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Produced protease, amylase and lipase enzyme. Releases this into the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A

Produces protease, amylase and lipase enzymes to complete digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

It is where excess water is absorbed from food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does the gall bladder do?

A

Where bile is stored before released into small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does the liver do?

A

Where bile is produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What do the salivary glands do?

A

These produce amylase enzyme in the saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is respiration?

A

The process of releasing energy from glucose which goes on in every cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Respiration using oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy

34
Q

Name four things that the energy release in aerobic respiration is used for

A

To build up larger molecules, allow muscles to contract, keep body temperature steady and in plants to build sugars and nitrates into amino acids, which are then built up into proteins

35
Q

What does physical activity do to you?

A

Increases your breathing rate and makes you breathe more deeply to meet the demand for extra oxygen, increases the speed at which the heart pumps

36
Q

How is some glucose from food stored?

A

As glycogen

37
Q

During vigorous exercise muscles use glucose rapidly, so what has to happen?

A

Some of the stored glycogen is converted back to glucose to provide more energy

38
Q

When is anaerobic respiration used?

A

If theres not enough oxygen to supply to you muscles

39
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose = energy + lactic acid

40
Q

Name one advantage and two disadvantages of anaerobic respiration

A

You can keep you muscles going on for longer however it causes lactic acid build up, muscle fatigue and does not release nearly as much energy as aerobic respiration

41
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

Having to “repay” the oxygen that you didn’t get to your muscles during exercise afterwards, have to carry on breathing hard after you stop

42
Q

Name two uses of enzymes in industry

A

Biological detergents, change foods e.g. baby foods (easier to digest)

43
Q

Name two advantages and two disadvantages of using enzymes in industry

A

Work for a long time (can continually use them), Using lower temperatures and pressures means a lower cos as it saves energy however conditions have to be tightly controlled (denatured) and can be expensive to produce

44
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Really long molecules of DNA

45
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA

46
Q

How do cells make proteins?

A

By stringing amino acids together in a particular order

47
Q

What is DNA fingerprinting?

A

Cutting up a persons DNA into small sections and then separating them.

48
Q

What is DNA fingerprinting used for?

A

Forensic science, paternity testing

49
Q

What is mitosis?

A

When a cell reproduces itself by splitting to form two identical offspring

50
Q

What kind of reproduction uses mitosis?

A

Asexual reproduction e.g. strawberry plants

51
Q

In cell division by mitosis, are the new cells varied or identical?

A

Identical, there is no variation

52
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Meiosis produces cells which have half the normal number of chromosomes

53
Q

How many chromosomes do gametes have?

A

23 chromosomes each

54
Q

How many chromosomes do human body cells have?

A

46 chromosomes

55
Q

In humans, where does meiosis only happen?

A

In the reproductive organs

56
Q

What can embryonic stem cells turn into?

A

Any type of cell

57
Q

Why are some people against stem cell research?

A

Potential human life, should find other source of stem cells

58
Q

What chromosomes do all men have?

A

An X and a Y chromosome: XY

59
Q

What chromosomes do all women have?

A

Two X chromosomes: XX

60
Q

What is the probability of getting a boy to a girl?

A

50:50

61
Q

What did Mendel show through his genetic experiments with peas?

A

The height characteristics in pea plants was determined by separately inherited ‘hereditary units’ passed on from each parent. Ratios in offspring showed that unit for tall plants, T, was dominant over dwarf, t

62
Q

What three important conclusions did Mendel reach?

A

Characteristics determined by ‘hereditary units’, passed on from each parent, can be dominant or recessive

63
Q

What is an allele

A

Different versions of the same gene

64
Q

If an organism has two alleles for a particular gene the same, what is it?

A

It is homozygous

65
Q

If an organism has two alleles for a particular gene that are different, what is it?

A

It is heterozygous

66
Q

What is a genotype?

A

What alleles an organism has

67
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The actual characteristic an organism has

68
Q

Is Cystic Fibrosis caused by a dominant or a recessive allele?

A

Recessive

69
Q

Is Polydactyly caused by a dominant or a recessive allele?

A

Dominant

70
Q

What is Embryonic screening?

A

During IVF before being implanted its possible to remove a cell from each embryo and analyse its genes, can check for genetic disorders

71
Q

Give two points for and against embryonic screening

A

For: prevents suffering, saves money treating disorders
Against: designer baby, implies people with genetic problems are undesirable

72
Q

What are fossils?

A

The remains of organisms from many years ago, which are found in rocks

73
Q

What are the there ways that fossils can be formed?

A

Gradual replacement by minerals, from casts and impressions, preservation in places where no decay happens

74
Q

How are most fossils formed?

A

Gradual replacement by minerals e.g. teeth, shells and bones

75
Q

Give an example of fossils from casts and impressions

A

A footprint in clay, clay hardens around it, leaving a cast of itself

76
Q

Give an example of fossils from preservation in places where no decay happens

A

In amber and tar pits theres no oxygen or moisture so decay microbes can’t survive

77
Q

Name six reasons why species become extinct

A

Environmental change, new predator, new disease, can’t compete with other species for food source, catastrophic event, new species develops instead (speciation)

78
Q

What is speciation?

A

The development of a new species

79
Q

When does speciation occur?

A

When populations of the same species become so different that they can no longer breed together to produce fertile offspring

80
Q

What two things can lead to speciation?

A

Isolation and natural selection

81
Q

What is isolation?

A

Where populations of a species are separated, can be due to a physical barrier

82
Q

Explain how speciation due to isolation occurs

A

Conditions on either side the geographical barrier will be different, populations adapt to environments and natural selection occurs, development of new species

BIOLOGY ADDITIONAL (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions