Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIOLOGY ADDITIONAL > 2a > Flashcards

2a Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five major parts of an animal cell?

A

Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, Mitochondria, Ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the Nucleus do in an animal cell?

A

Contains genetic material- controls the activities of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the Cytoplasm do in an animal cell?

A

Gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen. contains enzymes to control chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the Cell Membrane do in an animal cell?

A

Holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do the Mitochondria do in an animal cell?

A

These are where most of the reactions for respiration take place. Respiration releases energy that the cell needs to work.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do the Ribosomes do in an animal cell?

A

These are where proteins are made in the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 3 extra parts of a plant cell?

A

Rigid cell call, Permanent vacuole, Chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the rigid Cell wall do in a plant cell?

A

Made of cellulose. It supports the cell and strengthens it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the Permanent vacuole do in a plant cell?

A

Contains cell sap, a weak solution of sugar and salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do the Chloroplasts do in a plant cell?

A

These are where photosynthesis occurs, which makes food for the plant. They contain a green substance called chlorophyll

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is yeast and what does it contain?

A

Yeast is a microorgansim. A yeast cell has a nucleus, cytoplasm and a cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do Bacteria cells contain?

A

Has a cytoplasm and a cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall. The genetic material floats in the cytoplasm because bacterial cells don’t have a nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define diffusion

A

Diffusion is the spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What ‘states’ can diffusion happen in?

A

Solution and gases- particles are free to move about randomly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

If there is a bigger difference in concentration, will the diffusion rate be faster or slower?

A

The diffusion rate will be faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Give four examples of molecules that can diffuse through cell membranes

A

Oxygen, amimo acids, water, glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are palisade leaf cells adapted for?

A

Photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How are palisade leaf cells adapted for photosynthesis?

A

Packed with chloroplasts at top so nearer to light, tall shape so surface area exposed for absorbing carbon dioxide, thin shape means can pack lots of them in at the top of the leaf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are Guard cells adapted to do?

A

Open and close pores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How are Guard cells adapted to open and close pores?

A

Special kidney shape which opens & closes stomata, sensitive to light so close at night, thin outer walls and thickened inner walls make the opening and closing work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens to the guard cells when a plant has lots of water?

A

The guard cells fill and go plump which makes the stomata open so gases can be exchanged for photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens to the guard cells when a plant doesn’t have enough water?

A

The guard cells lose water and become flaccid, making the stomata close, this helps too much water vapour escaping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why do guard cells close at night?

A

To save water without losing out on photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the two main functions of a guard cell?

A

Allowing gas exchange & controlling water loss with a leaf

25
How are Red Blood Cells adapted to carry oxygen?
Concave shape gives big surface are for absorbing oxygen and helps them to pass smoothly through capillaries to reach body cells, packed with haemoglobin that absorbs oxygen, no nucleus so more room for haemoglobin.
26
What are the main functions of the egg cell and how is it specialised for this?
To carry the female DNA and to nourish the developing embryo in the early stages. It contains huge food reserves to feed the embryo
27
How are the sperm and egg cells specialised for reproduction?
When a sperm fuses with the egg, the eggs membranes instantly changes its structure to stop any more sperm getting in. This makes sure the offspring end up with the right amount of DNA
28
What are the main functions of the sperm and how is it specialised for this?
The function of a sperm is to get the male DNA to the female DNA. It has a long tail and a streamlined head to help it swim to the egg. There are a lot of mitochondria in the cell to provide the energy needed and enzymes in head to digest through the egg cell membrane
29
When does differentiation occur?
During the development of a multicellular organism
30
What is the cell organisation?
Specialised cells form tissues which form organs which form organ systems
31
What does Muscular tissue do?
Contracts to move whatever its attached to
32
What does Glandular tissue do?
Makes and secretes chemicals like enzymes and hormones
33
Explain why its important that a plant doesn’t get too hot
The enzymes it needs for photosynthesis and its other reactions will be damaged
34
What does Epithelial tissue tissue do?
Covers some parts of the body e.g. inside of the gut
35
Give an example of an organ
The stomach
36
Give an example of an organ system
The digestive system
37
What are the three main tissues that plants are made of?
Mesophyll tissue, Xylem and Phloem and Epidermal tissue
38
What does the Mesophyll tissue do?
Where most of the photosynthesis in a plant occurs
39
What do the Xylem and Phloem do?
Transport things like water, mineral ions and sucrose around the plant
40
What does the Epidermal tissue do?
This covers the whole plant
41
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide + water = (+sunlight+chlorophyll) = glucose + oxygen
42
Where does photosynthesis happen?
Inside the chloroplasts
43
What do chlorophyll do
Absorb sunlight and uses its energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose. oxygen is also produced as a by-product
44
From top to bottom what order are the tissues in? (in a plant)
Epidermis, xylem and phloem are inside of the mesophyll, epidermis
45
What three things is the rate of photosynthesis affected by?
The intensity of light, the volume of CO2 and the temperature
46
Why does the rate of photosynthesis only increase up to a certain point?
There will always be a limiting factor
47
How can you artificially create the ideal conditions for farming?
In a greenhouse. Trap the suns heat so that the temperature doesn’t become limiting. Supplied with artificial light after the sun goes down. Paraffin heater to heat greenhouse co2 is by-product
48
What are the five ways that plants use glucose?
For respiration, making cell walls, making proteins, stored in seeds and stored as starch
49
How do plants use glucose for respiration?
Plants manufacture glucose in their leaves, they then use some of the glucose for respiration, this releases energy which enables them to convert the rest of the glucose into various other useful substances, which they can use to build new cells and grow.
50
How do plants use glucose for making cell walls?
Glucose is converted into cellulose for making strong cell walls, especially in a rapidly growing plant.
51
How do plants use glucose for making proteins?
Glucose is combined with nitrate ions to make amino accuse which are then made into proteins
52
How do plants store glucose in seeds
Glucose is turned into lipids for storing in seeds. Sunflower seeds, for example, contain a lot of oil - we get cooking oil and margarine from them. Seeds also store starch
53
How do plants store glucose as starch?
Glucose is turned into starch and stored in roots, stems and leaves, ready for use when photosynthesis isn’t happening, like in the winter. Starch is insoluble which makes it much better for storing than glucose- doesn’t swell up
54
What is a habitat?
The place where an organism lives
55
What six environmental factors affect where an organism is found?
Temperature, availability of water, availability of oxygen and carbon dioxide, availability of nutrients, amount of light
56
What is a quadrat?
A square frame enclosing a known area e.g. 1m x 1m
57
How do you work out population size?
Mean number of organisms per m2 times by the total area of the habitat
58
How do you study the distribution of organisms along a line?
Using a transect, use quadrat along a line
59
When collecting environmental data what do you need to think about?
Make sure your results are repeatable and reproducible and have all the correct variables controlled

BIOLOGY ADDITIONAL (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions