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BIOLOGY ADDITIONAL > 2a > Flashcards

2a Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the five major parts of an animal cell?

A

Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, Mitochondria, Ribosomes

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2
Q

What does the Nucleus do in an animal cell?

A

Contains genetic material- controls the activities of the cell

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3
Q

What does the Cytoplasm do in an animal cell?

A

Gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen. contains enzymes to control chemical reactions

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4
Q

What does the Cell Membrane do in an animal cell?

A

Holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out

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5
Q

What do the Mitochondria do in an animal cell?

A

These are where most of the reactions for respiration take place. Respiration releases energy that the cell needs to work.

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6
Q

What do the Ribosomes do in an animal cell?

A

These are where proteins are made in the cell

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7
Q

What are the 3 extra parts of a plant cell?

A

Rigid cell call, Permanent vacuole, Chloroplasts

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8
Q

What does the rigid Cell wall do in a plant cell?

A

Made of cellulose. It supports the cell and strengthens it

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9
Q

What does the Permanent vacuole do in a plant cell?

A

Contains cell sap, a weak solution of sugar and salts

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10
Q

What do the Chloroplasts do in a plant cell?

A

These are where photosynthesis occurs, which makes food for the plant. They contain a green substance called chlorophyll

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11
Q

What is yeast and what does it contain?

A

Yeast is a microorgansim. A yeast cell has a nucleus, cytoplasm and a cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall

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12
Q

What do Bacteria cells contain?

A

Has a cytoplasm and a cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall. The genetic material floats in the cytoplasm because bacterial cells don’t have a nucleus

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13
Q

Define diffusion

A

Diffusion is the spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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14
Q

What ‘states’ can diffusion happen in?

A

Solution and gases- particles are free to move about randomly

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15
Q

If there is a bigger difference in concentration, will the diffusion rate be faster or slower?

A

The diffusion rate will be faster

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16
Q

Give four examples of molecules that can diffuse through cell membranes

A

Oxygen, amimo acids, water, glucose

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17
Q

What are palisade leaf cells adapted for?

A

Photosynthesis

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18
Q

How are palisade leaf cells adapted for photosynthesis?

A

Packed with chloroplasts at top so nearer to light, tall shape so surface area exposed for absorbing carbon dioxide, thin shape means can pack lots of them in at the top of the leaf

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19
Q

What are Guard cells adapted to do?

A

Open and close pores

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20
Q

How are Guard cells adapted to open and close pores?

A

Special kidney shape which opens & closes stomata, sensitive to light so close at night, thin outer walls and thickened inner walls make the opening and closing work

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21
Q

What happens to the guard cells when a plant has lots of water?

A

The guard cells fill and go plump which makes the stomata open so gases can be exchanged for photosynthesis

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22
Q

What happens to the guard cells when a plant doesn’t have enough water?

A

The guard cells lose water and become flaccid, making the stomata close, this helps too much water vapour escaping

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23
Q

Why do guard cells close at night?

A

To save water without losing out on photosynthesis

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24
Q

What are the two main functions of a guard cell?

A

Allowing gas exchange & controlling water loss with a leaf

25
Q

How are Red Blood Cells adapted to carry oxygen?

A

Concave shape gives big surface are for absorbing oxygen and helps them to pass smoothly through capillaries to reach body cells, packed with haemoglobin that absorbs oxygen, no nucleus so more room for haemoglobin.

26
Q

What are the main functions of the egg cell and how is it specialised for this?

A

To carry the female DNA and to nourish the developing embryo in the early stages. It contains huge food reserves to feed the embryo

27
Q

How are the sperm and egg cells specialised for reproduction?

A

When a sperm fuses with the egg, the eggs membranes instantly changes its structure to stop any more sperm getting in. This makes sure the offspring end up with the right amount of DNA

28
Q

What are the main functions of the sperm and how is it specialised for this?

A

The function of a sperm is to get the male DNA to the female DNA. It has a long tail and a streamlined head to help it swim to the egg. There are a lot of mitochondria in the cell to provide the energy needed and enzymes in head to digest through the egg cell membrane

29
Q

When does differentiation occur?

A

During the development of a multicellular organism

30
Q

What is the cell organisation?

A

Specialised cells form tissues which form organs which form organ systems

31
Q

What does Muscular tissue do?

A

Contracts to move whatever its attached to

32
Q

What does Glandular tissue do?

A

Makes and secretes chemicals like enzymes and hormones

33
Q

Explain why its important that a plant doesn’t get too hot

A

The enzymes it needs for photosynthesis and its other reactions will be damaged

34
Q

What does Epithelial tissue tissue do?

A

Covers some parts of the body e.g. inside of the gut

35
Q

Give an example of an organ

A

The stomach

36
Q

Give an example of an organ system

A

The digestive system

37
Q

What are the three main tissues that plants are made of?

A

Mesophyll tissue, Xylem and Phloem and Epidermal tissue

38
Q

What does the Mesophyll tissue do?

A

Where most of the photosynthesis in a plant occurs

39
Q

What do the Xylem and Phloem do?

A

Transport things like water, mineral ions and sucrose around the plant

40
Q

What does the Epidermal tissue do?

A

This covers the whole plant

41
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water = (+sunlight+chlorophyll) = glucose + oxygen

42
Q

Where does photosynthesis happen?

A

Inside the chloroplasts

43
Q

What do chlorophyll do

A

Absorb sunlight and uses its energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose. oxygen is also produced as a by-product

44
Q

From top to bottom what order are the tissues in? (in a plant)

A

Epidermis, xylem and phloem are inside of the mesophyll, epidermis

45
Q

What three things is the rate of photosynthesis affected by?

A

The intensity of light, the volume of CO2 and the temperature

46
Q

Why does the rate of photosynthesis only increase up to a certain point?

A

There will always be a limiting factor

47
Q

How can you artificially create the ideal conditions for farming?

A

In a greenhouse. Trap the suns heat so that the temperature doesn’t become limiting. Supplied with artificial light after the sun goes down. Paraffin heater to heat greenhouse co2 is by-product

48
Q

What are the five ways that plants use glucose?

A

For respiration, making cell walls, making proteins, stored in seeds and stored as starch

49
Q

How do plants use glucose for respiration?

A

Plants manufacture glucose in their leaves, they then use some of the glucose for respiration, this releases energy which enables them to convert the rest of the glucose into various other useful substances, which they can use to build new cells and grow.

50
Q

How do plants use glucose for making cell walls?

A

Glucose is converted into cellulose for making strong cell walls, especially in a rapidly growing plant.

51
Q

How do plants use glucose for making proteins?

A

Glucose is combined with nitrate ions to make amino accuse which are then made into proteins

52
Q

How do plants store glucose in seeds

A

Glucose is turned into lipids for storing in seeds. Sunflower seeds, for example, contain a lot of oil - we get cooking oil and margarine from them. Seeds also store starch

53
Q

How do plants store glucose as starch?

A

Glucose is turned into starch and stored in roots, stems and leaves, ready for use when photosynthesis isn’t happening, like in the winter. Starch is insoluble which makes it much better for storing than glucose- doesn’t swell up

54
Q

What is a habitat?

A

The place where an organism lives

55
Q

What six environmental factors affect where an organism is found?

A

Temperature, availability of water, availability of oxygen and carbon dioxide, availability of nutrients, amount of light

56
Q

What is a quadrat?

A

A square frame enclosing a known area e.g. 1m x 1m

57
Q

How do you work out population size?

A

Mean number of organisms per m2 times by the total area of the habitat

58
Q

How do you study the distribution of organisms along a line?

A

Using a transect, use quadrat along a line

59
Q

When collecting environmental data what do you need to think about?

A

Make sure your results are repeatable and reproducible and have all the correct variables controlled

BIOLOGY ADDITIONAL (2 decks)

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