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H Chemistry Unit 2 > 2a Hydrocarbons > Flashcards

2a Hydrocarbons Flashcards

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1
Q

Saturated molecules contain?

A

Only carbon - carbon single bonds

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2
Q

Unsaturated molecules contain?

A

Carbon = carbon double bonds

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3
Q

How to test if a substance is saturated

A

React with bromine solution. If it decolourises, substance is unsaturated.

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4
Q

Reactions that unsaturated molecules undergo

A

Addition

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5
Q

Definition of isomer

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

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6
Q

Give some aspects of a molecule that would lead to it having a high MP/BP

A

Large - strong LDFs
Very polar bonds eg NH OH FH - hydrogen bonding
High molecular polarity - strong pd-pd attractions.

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7
Q

What is volatility?

A

The ease at which a substance evaporates.

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8
Q

Functional group in ALCOHOLS

A

Hydroxyl -OH

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9
Q

Alcohol with functional group attached to terminal carbon

A

Primary alcohol

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10
Q

Alcohol with hydroxyl bonded to carbon which is bonded to two other carbons

A

Secondary alcohol

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11
Q

Alcohol with hydroxyl bonded to carbon which is bonded to 3 other carbons

A

Tertiary alcohol

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12
Q

What is the difference between a diol and a trial?

A

Diol - 2 hydroxyl groups

Trial - 3 hydroxyl groups

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13
Q

Explain the trend in MP as the number of hydroxyl groups in the molecule increases.

A

MP increases as there are more sites for hydrogen bonding.

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14
Q

Name the functional group for carboxylic acids

A

Carboxyl (-COOH)

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15
Q

How is an Ester formed?

A

Condensation reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid.

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16
Q

What is the functional group in an ester?

A

Ester link (-COO-)

17
Q

Give the definition for a condensation reaction

A

When two molecules join with the elimination of a small molecule, in this case water.

18
Q

Give an explanation for how to name the Ester formed when given the names of the reactants.

A

The first part of the name comes from the alcohol where the ‘anol’ ending is replaced with ‘yl’. The second part of the name comes from the carboxylic acid where the ‘ic acid’ ending is replaced by ‘oate’

19
Q

What is the purpose of concentrated sulphuric acid when performing and esterification reaction.

A

Catalyst

20
Q

Name and describe the reaction that occurs when water is reacted with an Ester.

A

Hydrolysis - splitting of a large molecule into two small molecules using water. The Ester link breaks.

21
Q

Explain the uses of esters.

A

Sweet smelling molecules - used in fragrances and food flavourings.
Low polarity makes them good solvents for non-polar solutes.

22
Q

Name the 2 components of a fat or oil

A

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids aka a triglyceride

23
Q

Why are oils liquid at room temperature and fats solids?

A

Oils are less saturated than fats so pack together less tightly resulting in weaker intermolecular forces and a lower bp.

24
Q

Describe how an oil can be converted to a fat

A

Hydrogenation reaction - the addition of hydrogen

25
Q

Explain the function of fats and oils in the human diet.

A

Provide slow release energy

Transport fat soluble vitamins such as A and D

26
Q

Give 3 functions of proteins in animals

A

Structural tissues
Antibodies
Enzymes

27
Q

name The molecules that make up proteins

A

Amino acids

28
Q

Describe the functional groups in an amino acid.

A 
Amino group (-NH2) 
Carboxyl group (-COOH)
29
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

30
Q

Why are some amino acids called essential?

A

They cannot be synthesised by the human body so must be obtained from the diet.

31
Q

Describe how amino acids join together to form proteins.

A

In a condensation reaction. Water is eliminated from the two amino acids and a peptide bond is formed between the amino and carboxyl groups of the neighbouring amino acids. (-COHN-) .

32
Q

What reaction occurs when proteins are digested?

A

Hydrolysis- water is used to split the protein back up into its original amino acids.

H Chemistry Unit 2 (3 decks)

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