2a Gender Inequality Flashcards
What is the GII
Gender inequality Index
Measures gender inequalities in three important aspects of human development
- empowerment
- reproductive health
- economic status
Reproductive health aspect of GII
Measured by maternal mortality rate and adolescent birth rates
Female empowerment aspect of GII
Measured by proportion of parliamentary seats occupied by females
Measured by proportion of adult males and females aged 25 years and older with some form of secondary education
Economic status aspect of GII
Expressed as labour market participation
Measured by labour force participation rate of male and female populations aged 15 and over
How common is domestic violence
1 in 5 women between the age of 15 and 49 report experiencing physical or sexual violence by an intimate partner within 12 months.
Impact of the pandemic on women’s rights
Reversed progress in women’s rights
Women’s disproportionate role in responding to the virus through front line workers or carers at home
Women impacted economically to a greater extent bc 60% work in Informal economy.
Violence against women and girls intensified
Healthcare gap
Until 1993 women of childbearing age were excluded from clinical trials
8/10 drugs removed from the market posed a greater threat to women than men
Underfunding and stigma
E.g. Ambien (sleeping pill) men metabolised drug faster than women chasing sleep eating, sleep driving etc
Education gap
31 million girls worldwide not enrolled in school
1/4 women aged 15-25 never finish primary school
Pakistan, Ethiopia and Nigeria have 1 million girls not in school
Gender pay gap
$1 Men $0.79
Women with kids have twice as high wage gap
Pay gap grows after education (after 10 years women earn 60% less)
Spatial disparity of gender inequality in India
Higher crime against women in rural areas
Less education
Less policing
Child marriage in India
16 percent of children 15-19 are married
prevalence of girls married under 18 has declined from 47% to to 27% from 2005-2015
girls are viewed as economic bruden
have limited options
cycle of poverty
child marriage in India: UNICEF
scale up strategy to empower teenage girls from national level to district level
child marriage under section 5.3 SDG
access to education in India
on 65% girls are literate
23% leave school when they hit puberty
lack of separate toilets
UN found poverty and social norms responsible
FGM in India
cultural disparities
80% Bohra girls subjected to FGM
pre eclampsia
treated by daily doses of aspirin
approx 4% pregnancies in UK
risk factors inc age, obesity and multiple foetuses
average 2 deaths per year in UK but 1000 annual babies with issues due to the condition
deaths each year in India due to unsafe abortion
12 000
67% abortions deemed unsafe
96% all unsafe abortions in developing countries
violence against women in India
60% men responded saying they had acted violently against their wife or partner
92 women raped every day
honour killings in India
24 honour killing reported in 2019, true scale of crime often hidden
70% victims of honour killings are women
however in 2018 government set up 24 hour help line and special cells of police and welfare officers to tackle the issue
the MTP act in india
Medical Termination of pregnancy act (2021)
increases upper gestation limit from 20 to 24 weeks in certain cases
confidentiality clause
access irrespective of marital status
government and sexual violence
increasing female police officers in Delhi in 2014
makes women feel more safe and represented
increasing chances of reporting gender based violence
higher empathy, greater conviction rates
31677 reported rape cases in 2021 (inc is both god and bad)
WASH
menstrual hygiene
12 countries
1000 partner organisations e.g. UN
menstrual hygiene programme reaching 2.5 mil
CARE
reached 84.3 million in India
93 programmes
female empowerment
302 000 improved gender equality
UN
committee on the elimination of discrimination against women (CEDAW)
ratified in 1993
legally binding and meets with NGOS to discuss human rights
