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Geography - Migration > 2a. Factors increasing complexity of migration > Flashcards

2a. Factors increasing complexity of migration Flashcards

- economic globalisation - young/female workers - south-south corridors - policies - bi-lateral flows

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1
Q

Globalisation

A

The process by which countries and their economies have become more interdependent

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2
Q

Roles globalisation has played in encouraging new source and host nations for migration

A
  • communication revolution
  • transport revolution
  • Current migration networks: provide info etc to help integrate new migrants
  • Segmentation of labour markets: undesirable 3D jobs in AC’s and EDC’s
  • New rights: allow certain people to cross borders more easily
  • global jobs crisis
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3
Q

What has globalisation caused in regards to migration?

A

New places of origin and destinations for migrants as well as traditional corridors

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4
Q

EXAMPLE
An Inter-regional migration pattern for low skilled workers (result of economic globalisation - new)

A

Low skilled workers from India/Bangladesh/Pakistan to UAE and Middle East

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5
Q

EXAMPLE
What has happened in recent years in in the UAE? What shows this change? How might it encourage migration?

A

Has become much more developed, mean years of schooling having increased by 6.5 years (parents can afford children to go to school instead of working)
Encourages migrants for the good services

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6
Q

EXAMPLE
Who is migrating to UAE and why?

A

Low skilled young males working in construction (few family ties)

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7
Q

EXAMPLE
How may migrants arrived to the UAE in 2019?

A

6.5 million

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8
Q

EXAMPLE
What are push/pull factors for the migration from India/Bangladesh to the UAE?

A

Push factors:
- unemployment
- poor infrastructure/opportunity
- low, unreliable wages in agriculture

Pull factors:
- better pay
- better quality of life

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9
Q

EXAMPLE
An Intra-regional migration pattern (result of economic globalisation - new)

A

Migration between ASEAN countries (south-east Asia)
Migration between MERCOSUR countries (America’s Southern cone between richer South and poor North countries)

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10
Q

EXAMPLE
Intra-regional migration between ASEAN countries (South-east Asia)
Main destinations? Pull factors? Jobs?

A
  • Destinations: Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand
  • Pull factors: employment, high wages, higher socio-economic development
  • Jobs: 3D jobs (dirty, dangerous, difficult) that natives don’t want to do
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11
Q

EXAMPLE
Intra-regional migration between ASEAN countries (South-east Asia)
Main sources? Push factors?

A
  • Sources: Myanmar, Lao, Cambodia
  • Push factors: unemployment, rural poverty, lack of opportunity, conflict
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12
Q

EXAMPLE
Intra-regional migration between MERCOSUR countries (South America cone)
Countries attracting/losing migrants? Causes of migration? Why it eased?

A
  • Argentina, Chile, Paraguay (richer countries in Southern cone) attract migrants
  • Venezuela, El Salvador have net migration loss
  • high levels of migration caused by disparities in wealth
  • free movement of labour eased migration (right to move for work)
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13
Q

Young migration: Why are people from Asia more likely to migrate at a younger age than people from Europe?

A
  • Asia = less educated, young migrating to do 3D jobs for better pay (AGED 20-50)
  • Europe = more likely to be educated, migrating for high skilled jobs (AGED 30-55)
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14
Q

Why are young more likely to migrate?

A
  • younger/fitter to work
  • fewer family ties
  • excitement/adventure
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15
Q

Female migration: What % of all migration in developed countries is female?

A

51%

(43% in less developed countries - less opportunity)

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16
Q

In what continents is female migration most and least common? Why?

A
  • Most female migration in Europe (richer countries)
  • Least female migration in Africa/Asia (poorer countries, women have less freedom/opportunity)
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17
Q

What country has the lowest level of female migration? Whats the %?

A

Bangladesh = 13.4%

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18
Q

Reasons for an increase in female migration

A
  • foreign labour selective for women in healthcare & entertainment
  • expanded right fro family reunification
  • women gaining more independence to migrate (changing relations)
  • Asia - more migration for domestic work , marriage, trafficking for sex industry
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19
Q

Challenges for women migrating for work

A
  • gender discrimination
  • abuse of human rights
  • illegal immigrants risk exploitation of employers
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20
Q

Why might women be unwilling to return home after migrating?

A

May lose their freedom / power in the traditional patriarchal society

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21
Q

What % increase has there been of high skilled female migrants (uni graduates) between 2000-2010?

Where are they migrating to?

A

80%

Canada, USA, UK (less discrimination, more rights - eg. pay, marriage)

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22
Q

What is South-south migration?

A

Migration between EDC’s and LIDC’s found below the Brandt line (south)

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23
Q

How significant is south-south migration compared to south-north? %?

A

2013 - south-south became largest

south-south = 36% of total migration
south-north = 35% (previously was majority)

24
Q

Reasons for the increase in south-south migration

A
  • communication revolution: aware other countries have benefits
  • increasing conflict migration to safe neighbouring countries (doesn’t have to be wealthy)
  • More expensive to go North (can migrate elsewhere in south for better QOL)
  • Emerging economies in south offer employment opportunities
25
Q

Why is it more difficult to estimate south-south migration?

A

Borders are generally more porous, subject to more deficiencies

26
Q

EXAMPLE
South-south migration

A

Burkina Faso to Ivory Coast

27
Q

EXAMPLE
South-south migration: Burkina Faso, location? Wealth?

A
  • West Africa
  • 3rd lowest HDI in the world
  • an LIDC
28
Q

EXAMPLE
South-south migration: scale of migration into Ivory Coast (per year?)

A

68,000 migrants per year
(2/3 of migration from Burkina Faso is into Ivory Coast)

29
Q

EXAMPLE
South-south migration: why do poorest people migrate to neighbouring countries in Africa? (push/pull factors into Ivory Coast)

A
  • Higher wages (twice as high in Ivory Coast)
  • war refugees seeking any safe country to avoid violence
  • shorter distance so cheaper travel
  • seasonal migrants (perform work that depends on seasonal conditions - farming)
30
Q

EXAMPLE 2
South-south migration

A

Myanmar to Thailand

31
Q

EXAMPLE 2
South-south migration: Myanmar, former name? wealth?

A

Formerly known as Burma
At least 1/3 of population live below the poverty line

32
Q

EXAMPLE 2
South-south migration: who is migrating from Myanmar to Thailand?

A

Mixed flows of migrants including refugees, asylum seekers, traffickers

33
Q

EXAMPLE 2
South-south migration: push/pull factors for migratory route from Myanmar to Thailand

A
  • economic migrants - go due to large growing economy
  • supply of low skilled jobs
  • lax migration policies
  • GDP per capita = $10,000 compared to Burma = $1400
34
Q

How many people have been displaced from their home due to WAR, persecution or violence?
Why is this only an estimate?

A

83 million

Difficult to actually count as some borders are porous (especially in Africa)

35
Q

How many refugees were there in 2021? Why could this number increase for 2022?

A

27.1 million refugees
Could increase due to:
- Ukraine war
- Pakistan flooding
- African drought

36
Q

EXAMPLE of how…
Conflict/persecution has increased the number of refugees

A

The Rohingya Crisis (in Myanmar /Burma)

37
Q

EXAMPLE
Conflict refugees: Who are the Rohingya? Why are they being persecuted?

A

Muslim minority group living in Myanmar
Being persecuted because:
- different religion (Islam)
- Buddhist majority never accepted the Rohingya (still call them ‘Bengalis’
- Military dictatorship exploits anti-muslim sentiments

38
Q

EXAMPLE
Conflict refugees: What human rights are the Rohingya denied (what restrictions are there?)

A

Restricted access to:
- healthcare
- the vote
- some professions such as medicine or law
- can’t marry
- can’t register their children

39
Q

EXAMPLE
Conflict refugees: What happened to the Rohingya in 2016/17?
How many were killed?

A
  • Rohingya militants retaliated, killed police officers, soldier
  • Government started a ‘clearance’ operation: burning Rohingya villages, forced evictions, massacres, tortures, rapes, human rights abuses (government deny ever having persecuted them)
  • estimated 43,000 Rohingya killed
40
Q

EXAMPLE
Conflict refugees: Impact of the mass exodus of Rohingyas on neighbouring Bangladesh?

A
  • over 500,000 Rohingya in make shift camps in Bangladesh
  • Most refugees unregistered in camps with few resources
  • As one of the poorest countries, they can’t sustain the number of migrants
41
Q

Migration policies: What is an open door policy?

A

allows anyone to live in another country (eg between EU countries)

42
Q

Migration policies: What is a Quota policy?

A

restricts the number of people allowed in the country per year (can restrict numbers or types of people)

43
Q

Migration policies: What is a skill test policy?

A

potential migrants pass a ‘skill test’ to ensure they are skilled and qualified (can also have a points system where certain skills are needed to get enough points)

44
Q

What basis are the majority of migrants going to the USA admitted on?

A

family reunification

45
Q

EXAMPLE of an…
Immigration policy

A

Canada’s policy to control no. of migrants and address skill gaps

46
Q

EXAMPLE
How does Canada’s point system work? What elements of employment were they prioritising?

A
  • ranked on 1200 point system so high skilled and young migrants receive maximum points (called ‘fast tracking’)
47
Q

EXAMPLE
What % of Canada’s population were born overseas?

A

20%

48
Q

EXAMPLE
How has their immigration policies benefitted Canada?

A

Young high skilled migrants work hard creating more business (using few welfare dollars) boosting the economy

49
Q

EXAMPLE of an…
Emigration policy

A

Pakistan actively encouraging emigration

50
Q

EXAMPLE
Why might Pakistan actively encourage emigration? How much money do they receive in remittances?

A
  • remittances are sent back to help develop the country (an EDC)
  • 5th largest recipient of remittances (in 2013 they received over $11,000 million
51
Q

EXAMPLE
What % of Pakistan’s population is under 30? Why might they have a youthful pop.?

A
  • 64%
  • Possibly because they don’t believe in contraception is morally right as an Islamic state so they have larger number of children
  • Youth can work abroad to send home remittances
52
Q

Bilateral migration: examples of bilateral corridors in the past and why? (between 2000-2019)

A
  • Syria-Turkey (escaping conflict)
  • Poland-Germany (after Poland joined EU, migration for work)
  • Bangladesh-UAE (low skilled workers moving EDCs to develop)
53
Q

Bilateral migration: Reasons for the existence of these corridors

A
  • former colony influence (eg language)
  • Effects of conflict/persecution
  • employment opportunities/wage differences
  • ease of access/proximity
  • established diasporas/networks
54
Q

What regions of the world are these bilateral corridors mostly found in recent times? Why?

A

Mostly South countries (NONE of Europe)

54
Q

What region of the world are these bilateral corridors mostly found in recent times? Why?

A
  • Mostly South countries (NONE of Europe) between 2010-2019
    Because:
  • vast number of EDCs (rapidly developing)
  • Northern countries increase their border controls
  • increase in conflict refugees

Geography - Migration (7 decks)

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