2a. Factors increasing complexity of migration

Question 1

Globalisation

Answer 1

The process by which countries and their economies have become more interdependent

Question 2

Roles globalisation has played in encouraging new source and host nations for migration

Answer 2

• communication revolution
• transport revolution
• Current migration networks: provide info etc to help integrate new migrants
• Segmentation of labour markets: undesirable 3D jobs in AC’s and EDC’s
• New rights: allow certain people to cross borders more easily
• global jobs crisis

Question 3

What has globalisation caused in regards to migration?

Answer 3

New places of origin and destinations for migrants as well as traditional corridors

Question 4

EXAMPLE
An Inter-regional migration pattern for low skilled workers (result of economic globalisation - new)

Answer 4

Low skilled workers from India/Bangladesh/Pakistan to UAE and Middle East

Question 5

EXAMPLE
What has happened in recent years in in the UAE? What shows this change? How might it encourage migration?

Answer 5

Has become much more developed, mean years of schooling having increased by 6.5 years (parents can afford children to go to school instead of working)
Encourages migrants for the good services

Question 6

EXAMPLE
Who is migrating to UAE and why?

Answer 6

Low skilled young males working in construction (few family ties)

Question 7

EXAMPLE
How may migrants arrived to the UAE in 2019?

Answer 7

6.5 million

Question 8

EXAMPLE
What are push/pull factors for the migration from India/Bangladesh to the UAE?

Answer 8

Push factors:
- unemployment
- poor infrastructure/opportunity
- low, unreliable wages in agriculture

Pull factors:
- better pay
- better quality of life

Question 9

EXAMPLE
An Intra-regional migration pattern (result of economic globalisation - new)

Answer 9

Migration between ASEAN countries (south-east Asia)
Migration between MERCOSUR countries (America’s Southern cone between richer South and poor North countries)

Question 10

EXAMPLE
Intra-regional migration between ASEAN countries (South-east Asia)
Main destinations? Pull factors? Jobs?

Answer 10

• Destinations: Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand
• Pull factors: employment, high wages, higher socio-economic development
• Jobs: 3D jobs (dirty, dangerous, difficult) that natives don’t want to do

Question 11

EXAMPLE
Intra-regional migration between ASEAN countries (South-east Asia)
Main sources? Push factors?

Answer 11

• Sources: Myanmar, Lao, Cambodia
• Push factors: unemployment, rural poverty, lack of opportunity, conflict

Question 12

EXAMPLE
Intra-regional migration between MERCOSUR countries (South America cone)
Countries attracting/losing migrants? Causes of migration? Why it eased?

Answer 12

• Argentina, Chile, Paraguay (richer countries in Southern cone) attract migrants
• Venezuela, El Salvador have net migration loss
• high levels of migration caused by disparities in wealth
• free movement of labour eased migration (right to move for work)

Question 13

Young migration: Why are people from Asia more likely to migrate at a younger age than people from Europe?

Answer 13

• Asia = less educated, young migrating to do 3D jobs for better pay (AGED 20-50)
• Europe = more likely to be educated, migrating for high skilled jobs (AGED 30-55)

Question 14

Why are young more likely to migrate?

Answer 14

• younger/fitter to work
• fewer family ties
• excitement/adventure

Question 15

Female migration: What % of all migration in developed countries is female?

Answer 15

51%

(43% in less developed countries - less opportunity)

Question 16

In what continents is female migration most and least common? Why?

Answer 16

• Most female migration in Europe (richer countries)
• Least female migration in Africa/Asia (poorer countries, women have less freedom/opportunity)

Question 17

What country has the lowest level of female migration? Whats the %?

Answer 17

Bangladesh = 13.4%

Question 18

Reasons for an increase in female migration

Answer 18

• foreign labour selective for women in healthcare & entertainment
• expanded right fro family reunification
• women gaining more independence to migrate (changing relations)
• Asia - more migration for domestic work , marriage, trafficking for sex industry

Question 19

Challenges for women migrating for work

Answer 19

• gender discrimination
• abuse of human rights
• illegal immigrants risk exploitation of employers

Question 20

Why might women be unwilling to return home after migrating?

Answer 20

May lose their freedom / power in the traditional patriarchal society

Question 21

What % increase has there been of high skilled female migrants (uni graduates) between 2000-2010?

Where are they migrating to?

Answer 21

80%

Canada, USA, UK (less discrimination, more rights - eg. pay, marriage)

Question 22

What is South-south migration?

Answer 22

Migration between EDC’s and LIDC’s found below the Brandt line (south)

Question 23

How significant is south-south migration compared to south-north? %?

Answer 23

2013 - south-south became largest

south-south = 36% of total migration
south-north = 35% (previously was majority)

Question 24

Reasons for the increase in south-south migration

Answer 24

• communication revolution: aware other countries have benefits
• increasing conflict migration to safe neighbouring countries (doesn’t have to be wealthy)
• More expensive to go North (can migrate elsewhere in south for better QOL)
• Emerging economies in south offer employment opportunities

Question 25

Why is it more difficult to estimate south-south migration?

Answer 25

Borders are generally more porous, subject to more deficiencies

Question 26

EXAMPLE
South-south migration

Answer 26

Burkina Faso to Ivory Coast

Question 27

EXAMPLE
South-south migration: Burkina Faso, location? Wealth?

Answer 27

• West Africa
• 3rd lowest HDI in the world
• an LIDC

Question 28

EXAMPLE
South-south migration: scale of migration into Ivory Coast (per year?)

Answer 28

68,000 migrants per year
(2/3 of migration from Burkina Faso is into Ivory Coast)

Question 29

EXAMPLE
South-south migration: why do poorest people migrate to neighbouring countries in Africa? (push/pull factors into Ivory Coast)

Answer 29

• Higher wages (twice as high in Ivory Coast)
• war refugees seeking any safe country to avoid violence
• shorter distance so cheaper travel
• seasonal migrants (perform work that depends on seasonal conditions - farming)

Question 30

EXAMPLE 2
South-south migration

Answer 30

Myanmar to Thailand

Question 31

EXAMPLE 2
South-south migration: Myanmar, former name? wealth?

Answer 31

Formerly known as Burma
At least 1/3 of population live below the poverty line

Question 32

EXAMPLE 2
South-south migration: who is migrating from Myanmar to Thailand?

Answer 32

Mixed flows of migrants including refugees, asylum seekers, traffickers

Question 33

EXAMPLE 2
South-south migration: push/pull factors for migratory route from Myanmar to Thailand

Answer 33

• economic migrants - go due to large growing economy
• supply of low skilled jobs
• lax migration policies
• GDP per capita = $10,000 compared to Burma = $1400

Question 34

How many people have been displaced from their home due to WAR, persecution or violence?
Why is this only an estimate?

Answer 34

83 million

Difficult to actually count as some borders are porous (especially in Africa)

Question 35

How many refugees were there in 2021? Why could this number increase for 2022?

Answer 35

27.1 million refugees
Could increase due to:
- Ukraine war
- Pakistan flooding
- African drought

Question 36

EXAMPLE of how…
Conflict/persecution has increased the number of refugees

Answer 36

The Rohingya Crisis (in Myanmar /Burma)

Question 37

EXAMPLE
Conflict refugees: Who are the Rohingya? Why are they being persecuted?

Answer 37

Muslim minority group living in Myanmar
Being persecuted because:
- different religion (Islam)
- Buddhist majority never accepted the Rohingya (still call them ‘Bengalis’
- Military dictatorship exploits anti-muslim sentiments

Question 38

EXAMPLE
Conflict refugees: What human rights are the Rohingya denied (what restrictions are there?)

Answer 38

Restricted access to:
- healthcare
- the vote
- some professions such as medicine or law
- can’t marry
- can’t register their children

Question 39

EXAMPLE
Conflict refugees: What happened to the Rohingya in 2016/17?
How many were killed?

Answer 39

• Rohingya militants retaliated, killed police officers, soldier
• Government started a ‘clearance’ operation: burning Rohingya villages, forced evictions, massacres, tortures, rapes, human rights abuses (government deny ever having persecuted them)
• estimated 43,000 Rohingya killed

Question 40

EXAMPLE
Conflict refugees: Impact of the mass exodus of Rohingyas on neighbouring Bangladesh?

Answer 40

• over 500,000 Rohingya in make shift camps in Bangladesh
• Most refugees unregistered in camps with few resources
• As one of the poorest countries, they can’t sustain the number of migrants

Question 41

Migration policies: What is an open door policy?

Answer 41

allows anyone to live in another country (eg between EU countries)

Question 42

Migration policies: What is a Quota policy?

Answer 42

restricts the number of people allowed in the country per year (can restrict numbers or types of people)

Question 43

Migration policies: What is a skill test policy?

Answer 43

potential migrants pass a ‘skill test’ to ensure they are skilled and qualified (can also have a points system where certain skills are needed to get enough points)

Question 44

What basis are the majority of migrants going to the USA admitted on?

Answer 44

family reunification

Question 45

EXAMPLE of an…
Immigration policy

Answer 45

Canada’s policy to control no. of migrants and address skill gaps

Question 46

EXAMPLE
How does Canada’s point system work? What elements of employment were they prioritising?

Answer 46

• ranked on 1200 point system so high skilled and young migrants receive maximum points (called ‘fast tracking’)

Question 47

EXAMPLE
What % of Canada’s population were born overseas?

Answer 47

20%

Question 48

EXAMPLE
How has their immigration policies benefitted Canada?

Answer 48

Young high skilled migrants work hard creating more business (using few welfare dollars) boosting the economy

Question 49

EXAMPLE of an…
Emigration policy

Answer 49

Pakistan actively encouraging emigration

Question 50

EXAMPLE
Why might Pakistan actively encourage emigration? How much money do they receive in remittances?

Answer 50

• remittances are sent back to help develop the country (an EDC)
• 5th largest recipient of remittances (in 2013 they received over $11,000 million

Question 51

EXAMPLE
What % of Pakistan’s population is under 30? Why might they have a youthful pop.?

Answer 51

• 64%
• Possibly because they don’t believe in contraception is morally right as an Islamic state so they have larger number of children
• Youth can work abroad to send home remittances

Question 52

Bilateral migration: examples of bilateral corridors in the past and why? (between 2000-2019)

Answer 52

• Syria-Turkey (escaping conflict)
• Poland-Germany (after Poland joined EU, migration for work)
• Bangladesh-UAE (low skilled workers moving EDCs to develop)

Question 53

Bilateral migration: Reasons for the existence of these corridors

Answer 53

• former colony influence (eg language)
• Effects of conflict/persecution
• employment opportunities/wage differences
• ease of access/proximity
• established diasporas/networks

Question 54

What regions of the world are these bilateral corridors mostly found in recent times? Why?

Answer 54

Mostly South countries (NONE of Europe)

Question 54

What region of the world are these bilateral corridors mostly found in recent times? Why?

Answer 54

• Mostly South countries (NONE of Europe) between 2010-2019
  Because:
• vast number of EDCs (rapidly developing)
• Northern countries increase their border controls
• increase in conflict refugees