2.a Dietary assessment

Question 1

What is the EAR?

Answer 1

(Estimated Average Requirement) = intake at which the risk of inadequacy is 50%

Question 2

What is the RDA?

Answer 2

(Recommended Daily Allowance) = intake at which risk of inadequacy is 2-3%

Question 3

What is the AI?

Answer 3

AI (Adequate Intake) = based on estimate of nutrient intake of healthy people

Question 4

What is the UL?

Answer 4

UL (tolerable Upper intake Level) = Intake above UL is risk of adverse effects

Question 5

Comparing individual intake with its requirements: how to do this?

Answer 5

EAR = best estimate of individuals requirement.
Approach:

 Compare mean obs intake w/ median requirements
 Mean obs intake>median: likely that the intake is adequate
- Obs intake < EAR: improvement is very likely necessary because probability is 50% or less
- Take other information into account e.g. health status

Question 6

How is the EAR used for a group vs individual?

Answer 6

EAR individual: to examine the possibility of inadequacy
EAR group: to estimate the prevalence of inadequate intakes within a group

Question 7

How is the RDA used for a group vs individual?

Answer 7

Individual: usual intake at or above this level has a low probability of inadequacy
Group: DO NOT USE

Question 8

How is the AI used for a group vs individual?

Answer 8

Individual: usual intake at or above this level has a low probability of inadequacy
Group: Mean usual intake at or above this level implies a low prevalence of inadequate intakes

Question 9

How is the UL used for a group vs individual?

Answer 9

Individual: intake above this level places an individual at risk of adverse effects from excessive nutrient intake
Group: Estimate the percentage of the population at risk of adverse effects from excessive nutrient intake

Question 10

What are attention points for dietary assessment methods?

Answer 10

-Reference period
-Portion size requirements
-Food composition table

Question 11

What are aspects of self-reporting?

Answer 11

• Food pattern, single foods
• Subjective
• Direct
• Quality hard to measure
• Time-consuming for participant and researcher

Question 12

What are aspects of biomarkers?

Answer 12

• Nutrients
• Objective
• Usually indirect
• Easy quality control
• May be time-effective
• Invasive or burdensome for participant

Question 13

Name 7 examples of dietary assessment methods

Answer 13

1. 24-h recall
2. Food record
3. Dietary history method
4. FFQ
5. FFQ: screeners
6. Technology-based methods
7. Sensor-based methods

Question 14

What is the 24-h recall?

Answer 14

• Recall of past 24-hours
• Interview (telephone/face 2 face)
• Usually unannounced

Question 15

Application 24-h recall?

Answer 15

• monitoring studies
• Comparison between cultures

Question 16

Advantages/disadvantages 24-h recall?

Answer 16

Advantages
- Easy for the respondent; captures all foods & drinks
Disadvantages
- Time-consuming for researcher
- Single day does not capture day-to-day variation
- Response (recall) errors

Question 17

What is a food record?

Answer 17

• Record all foods and drinks for one or more days. Gather info about time, amount, brand names

Question 18

Application food record?

Answer 18

Application
- Experiments, small studies, comparison between cultures
- Awareness of intake (could be the intervention!)

Question 19

Adv/disadv food record?

Answer 19

Advantages
- Provides insight in timing, captures all foods & drinks
- Valid if done well
Disadvantages
- Time-consuming for participant and researcher
- Writing everything down change intake

Question 20

What is the dietary history method?

Answer 20

• Habitual intake (in contrast to 24-h recall)
• Interview (telephone/face to face)

Question 21

Application of dietary history method?

Answer 21

• Several, both for research or dietary advice
• Comparison between cultures

Question 22

Advantages/disadv DHM?

Answer 22

Advantages
- Easy for participant
Disadvantages
- Experience interviewers needed
- Socially desirable answers likely; recall problems

Question 23

What is a FFQ?

Answer 23

• Frequency of habitual consumption
• For estimating few nutrients or comprehensive list

Question 24

Application FFQ?

Answer 24

• Large epidemiological trials
• To classify subgroups according to their intake

Question 25

Adv/disadv FFQ?

Answer 25

Advantage
- Easy to use and analyse
Disadvantages
- Culturally-based
- No information on single foods
- not suitable for people with deviating diets
- Can take a long time to fill out; Recall problems

Question 26

What are FFQ: screeners?

Answer 26

• Short questionnaires tailored for qualitative assessment of diet
• Fruits and vegetables, dietary patterns

Question 27

Application of FFQ: screeners?

Answer 27

 Needed when very limited time for questions on diet

Question 28

Adv/disadv screeners?

Answer 28

Useful in situations that do not require assessment of total diet
 Estimates of intake are not as accurate as those form more detailed methods

Question 29

What do technology-based methods do?

Answer 29

• foods are ‘recognized’ by technology
• often rest on self-report, e.g sending pictures of food to app, scanning barcodes

Question 30

Application of tech based meth?

Answer 30

• usually instead of 24-h recall or food record
• may appeal to certain target groups

Question 31

adv/disadv tech based meth

Answer 31

Advantages
- may be less subjective and more ‘fun’ than recall and records
Disadvantages
- validity may be an issue

Question 32

What do sensor-based tech do?

Answer 32

• Wear sensors that automatically record corporal movements related to eating activities
• sensors could register timing; bite size, etc

Question 33

Application sensor-based tech?

Answer 33

Application
- short-term food intake, eating habits

Question 34

Adv/disadv sensor-based tech?

Answer 34

Advantage
- memory-independent
Disadvantages
- rely on proper use of wearable