2A - Change in UK Cities

Question 1

Name 3 reasons why New Islington needed to be regenerating

Answer 1

• Cardroom Estate built in Manchester in 1960s
  
  • Replaced old, cramped terraces that housed wokers
• By mid 1990s estate = run-down + bad reputation
  
  • 50% houses = empty or used as squats
• Area had many economic + social problems:
  
  • High unemployment, burglary, vandalism, etc

Question 2

Name 4 ways how New Islington was regenerated

Answer 2

• Government’s regeneration agency worked with private companies and local residents to improve area = renamed New Islington
• 1700 homes built & new tramp stop = improved public transport
• New community facilities = health centre, village hall & restaurants & cafes
• Provided orchard, eco-park & football pitch = make it more attractive to live

Question 3

Liverpool is a ___ city in __ __ England

Answer 3

Port city in North West England

Question 4

Where was Liverpool developed on & what did this help it to become important?

Answer 4

River Mersery estuary & became important port for cotton, sugar, slave ships coming from Africa and West Indies

Question 5

What did Liverpool also develop?

Answer 5

Thriving manufacturing insurty = employing many people

Question 6

What played a large role in shaping the character of Liverpool?

Answer 6

Immigration

• People from Wales = attracted by jobs builing canals & railways
• Irish immigrants (1/4 of population by 1850) from famine

Question 7

Describe what occured in Liverpool from 1850 to 1960

Answer 7

Ships worldwide regularlu arrived in Liverpool & people set up their own communities e.g. Chinatown (1st of its kind in Europe)

Question 8

What happened in the 1960s and what did this lead to?

Answer 8

Decline of docks = closure of 250 factories = unemployment & deprivation

Question 9

What has happened recently in Liverpool?

Answer 9

Attracted huge investment for regeneration & chosen European Captial of Culture in 2008

Question 10

Name 4 social and economic opportunities (brought to Liverpool due to urban change)

Answer 10

1. Cultural mix
2. Recreation and entertainment
3. Employment
4. Integrated transport systems

Question 11

Describe Liverpool’s cultural mix

Answer 11

• Ethnic diversity from migration = brought range of foods, festivals and cultural experiences = attracts people
  
  • e.g. Liverpool’s Chinatown = popular tourist destination & has thriving Chinese community

Question 12

Describe Liverpool’s recreation & entertainment (3x)

Answer 12

• Albert Dock = restored & developed to include shops, restaurants & museums (e.g. the Beatles Story)
• Echo Arena port and concert venue = built on brownfield site at Kings Dock
• £1 billion = regenerating city centre = Liverpool ONE
  
  • Large shopping/leisure complex

Question 13

Describe Liverpool’s employment

Answer 13

• Tourism + service sectors = many jobs + new business developments e.g. Liverpool Science Park
• ‘Baltic Triangle’ = from derelict factories to spaces for creative industries
  
  • Art, film making, digital design
• Liverpool 2 = new container port

Question 14

Describe Liverpool’s integrated transport systems

Answer 14

• Merseytravel = operates city’s bus, train & ferry networks
• Prepaid card = used on all different networks
  
  • Making transfers easier

Question 15

Name 2 environmental opportunities

Answer 15

1. Decline of industry = places run down & open spaces = wasteland
   
   1. Urban greening used = regeneration
   2. Trying to increase/preserbe open spaces = public parks & gardens
2. More cycle and pedestrain routes created & wasteland = parks
   
   1. Liverpool ONE = five acre park in city centre

Question 16

Name 5 social and economic challenges

Answer 16

1. Industrial decline in 20th century = inner city = deprived
   
   1. Areas of inner city: Anfield = most deprived in England
2. Regeneration = increased inquality
   
   1. Wealthier people = better acess to housing, schooling, etc
3. Inner city areas = redeveloped
   
   1. Existing housing = cleared & replaced with modern housing
   2. New housing = too expensive for former resisdents
4. Many children in deprived areas = leave school without basic qualifiactions
   
   1. Low incomes + high unemployment
   2. 9% of adults in Anfield = unemployed
5. Unhealthy lifestyles = common in deprived areas
   
   1. Life expectancy in Toxteth = over 10 years lower than wealthier areas

Question 17

Name 3 environmental challenges

Answer 17

1. People left inner city areas = buildings empty
   
   1. Derelict buildings = graffti & vandalism e.g. Toxteh = run down
2. Growth of city + movement of people to suburbs = pressure to build on greenfield sites
   
   1. = destroyed habitats
   2. Brownfield sites better = but land needs cleaning and decontaminating
3. Waste disposal bad as pop. grows
   
   1. Plans to build new waste and recycling centre in Old Swan

Question 18

What is urban sprawl?

Answer 18

Is the unplanned growth of urban areas into surrounding countryside

Question 19

What is a rural-urban fringe?

Answer 19

Is an area of transition where there’s a mix of urban and rural land use

Question 20

What are commuter settlements?

Answer 20

Places in the rural-urban fringe where the majority of the population leaves the town each day to work elsewhere

Question 21

As Liverpool has growth, what has happened?

Answer 21

Sprawled outwards - merging with urban areas = create Merseyside conurbation

Question 22

How has the Merseyside conurbation affected the rural-urban fringe? (2x)

Answer 22

1. Large housing estates = built on rural greenfield land
   
   1. Pleasant environment BUT open spaces lost & ecosytems damaged/destroyed
2. Out-of-town developments e.g. New Mersey Shopping Park = exploit cheaper land outside city + accessible to lots of people
   
   1. Large rural areas lost = air and noise pollution & traffic congestion (use car)

Question 23

Name 4 challenges caused by commuter settlement

Answer 23

• New housing developments affect character of rural settlements + damage envrionment
• Demand for houses increases house prices
  
  • Locals can’t afford to remain
  • Aughton prices = highest
• Businesses in commuter settlements = suffer = population absent & spend money where they work than live
• Large no. of commuters = pollution, traffic congestion, parking problems