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Biology > 2a Cells And Cell Division 🧫 > Flashcards

2a Cells And Cell Division 🧫 Flashcards

1
Q

What’s a carrier molecule?

A

(Carrier protein)
A protein on the surface of a cell that helps to transport molecules and ions across a plasma membrane

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2
Q

What’s centrifugation?

A

Process of separating out particles of different sizes and densities by spinning them at a high speed in a centrifuge

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3
Q

What’s cholesterol

A

Lipid that’s an important component of cell surface membranes by regulating their fluidity and permeability. Also acts as a buffer against temperature changes

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4
Q

What’s a chromatid?

A

One of the two copies of a chromosome that are joined together by a single centromere prior to cell division

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5
Q

What’s a chromosome

A

A thread like structure made of protein and DNA by which hereditary info is physically passed from one generation to the next

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6
Q

What’s crossing over?

A

The process where a chromatid breaks during meiosis and rejoins to the chromatid of its homologous chromosome so their alleles are exchanged.

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7
Q

What’s differentiation

A

The process where cells become specialised for different functions

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8
Q

Define diffusion

A

Net movement of molecules or ions from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.

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9
Q

What’s a eukaryotic cell

A

Has membrane bound nucleus and chromosomes

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10
Q

What’s facilitated diffusion

A

Diffusion involving the presence of protein carrier molecules to allow the passive movement of substances across plasma membranes

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11
Q

What’s a glycoprotein

A

Substance made of a carbohydrate molecule and a protien molecule

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12
Q

What are granum

A

Stacks of thylakoids in a chloroplast that resembles a pile of coins
This is the site of photosynthesis (light dependent reaction)

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13
Q

What are guard cells?

A

Pair of cells that surround a stoma in plant leaves and control its opening and closing

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14
Q

What’s a high density liporotein

A

A compound of protein and lipid molecules found in blood plasma
It transports cholesterol from other cells to the liver

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15
Q

What’s a hydrogen bond in biology

A

Chemical bond formed between the positive charge on a hydrogen atom and the negative charge of an atom on a neighbouring molecule.

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16
Q

What’s hydrolysis

A

Breaking down of molecules into smaller ones by the addition of water molecules

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17
Q

What are intrinsic proteins

A

Proteins on the cell surface membrane that completely span the phospholipid bilayer from one side to the other

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18
Q

What’s an ion channel

A

A passage across the cell surface membrane made up of a protien that spans the membrane and opens and closes to allow ions to pass in and out the cell

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19
Q

What does it mean if 2 solutions are isotonic

A

Solutions that possess the same conc of solutes
They have the same water potential

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20
Q

What does in vitro mean

A

Experiments carried out outside the living body
Eg= test tubes

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21
Q

What does in vivo mean

A

Experiments carried out within the living body.

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22
Q

What are low density lipoproteins

A

Compounds containing both protien and lipid molecules
They occur in the blood plasma and lymph
Carries cholesterol from liver to other cells in the body

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23
Q

What’s meiosis

A

Type of nuclear cell division where the no. Of chromosomes is halved

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24
Q

Define metabolism

A

All the chemical processes that take place in living organisms

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25
What are microvilli
Tiny finger like projections from the cell surface membrane
26
What is the middle lamella
Plant cells Layer made up of pectins and other substances found between the walls of adjacent cells
27
What’s mitosis
Nuclear division where the daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
28
What’s a mono-unsaturated fatty acid
Fatty acid that possesses a carbon chain with a single double bond
29
What’s osmosis
Passage of water from a region of high water potential to a region of lower, through a partially permeable membrane.
30
What cells carry out photosynthesis
Palisade cells
31
What bonds form between amino acids
Peptide bonds
32
What’s phagocytosis
Mechanism by which cells engulf particles to form a vesicle or a vacuole
33
What does the phloem transport
Products of photosynthesis
34
What’s a phospholipid
Triglycerides in which one of the three fatty acid molecules is replaced by a phosphate group
35
What’s a poly-unsaturated fatty acid
Fatty acid that possesses a carbon chain with many double bonds
36
What’s the living portion of a plant called
Protoplast Eg= nucleus, cytoplasm, and organelles it contains
37
What’s the recognition site?
A nucleotide sequences that is recognised by a restriction endonuclease which it attaches to
38
What’s the sodium potassium pump
Protein channels across cell surface membranes that use ATP to move sodium ions out of the cell in exchange for potassium ions that move in
39
What’s a stem cell and what does it need?
Undifferentiated dividing cells that occur in embryos and adult tissues that require constant replacement
40
What are stroma
Matrix of chloroplasts where the light independent reaction of photosynthesis takes place
41
What’s a supernatent liquid
The liquid portion of a mixture left at the top of the tube when suspended particles have been separated out at the bottom during centrifugation
42
What are thylakoids
Series of flattened membranous sacs in a chloroplast that contain chlorophyll and the molecules needed for the light dependant reaction of photosynthesis
43
What are triglycerides
Individual lipid molecule made up of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
44
What’s ultrafiltration
Filtration assisted by blood pressure
45
What are voltage gated channels
Protien channels across cell surface membranes that opens and closes according to changes in the electrical potential across the membrane
46
What’s water potential
The pressure given out by water molecules The measure of the extent a solution gives out water
47
What’s a xerophyte
A plant adapted to living in dry conditions
48
Properties of xylem vessels
Dead Hollow Elongated tubes Lignified side walls No end walls
49
What are the inner fold of mitochondria called
Cristae
50
What’s the function of the Golgi
To process and package new proteins and lipids Makes lysosomes
51
What’s the function of a lysosome
Contains enzymes (lysozymes) used to digest broken/invaded cells
52
What’s the function of a ribosome
Protien synthesis
53
Describe the difference between smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth- no ribosmes
54
Function of the smooth ER
Synthesises and processes lipids
55
What makes up the cell wall of plants and algae
Cellulose
56
Why would an epithelial cell in the SI need lots of mitochondria
Respiration To give energy needed for absorption of nutrients
57
Function of the nucleolus
Makes ribosomes
58
Function of the RER
Folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes
59
Function of centriole
Involved with separation of chromosomes during cell division
60
What’s a plasmid
A loop of dna not part of the main chromosomal dna
61
Why may a bacterial cell have a slime capsule
Give protection against the cells of the immune system
62
Why do prokaryotes undergo binary fission
To replicate
63
What replicates in binary fission
Chromosomal dna replicates once Plasmids may replicate many times
64
What’s the flagelllum
Long hair like structures that rotate to make the prokaryotic cell move Not all prokaryotes have a flagellum and some have more than one
65
What is circular dna
Long coiled up strand of DNA that isn’t attached to any histone proteins
66
What kind of radiation is used in electron microscopes
A beam of electrons
67
Describe why you would use a TEM
To view a thin specimen High resolution to see small objects
68
Why is a stain used while preparing a slide
To highlight objects
69
Why does the specimen need to be thin
They allow light to pass through easily
70
What’s the max resolution of the TEM
Distinguish between two objects as close as 0.1nm
71
Advantages of a TEM
Has short wavelengths and uses electron beams- greatest magnification and resolution
72
Disadvantages of the TEM
2D only Specimen has to be very thin and dead High cost
73
How is the SEM better than the TEM
It produces 3D images Specimens dont need to be as thin
74
What microscope is used to study replication of E. coli bacteria
Light
75
What’s cell fractionation
Process where cells are broken up and the different organelles they contain separated out based on their size/mass using gravity
76
What are the three stages of cell fractionation
1. Homogenisation 2. Filtration 3. Ultracentrifugation
77
What’s homogenisation
Breaks up the tissue to break open cell membranes and releases their organelles
78
What happens to the homogenate
Homogenate= resulting liquid It’s filtered to remove large debris as they’re heavy and sink to the bottom of the test tube
79
What happens during centrifuging
Faster spinning=greater force Slower speeds= large fragments collect at the bottom forming a pellet and smaller ones remain at the top suspended in the supernatant liquid Each time the remaining supernatant is re spun at a higher speed and the process repeats.
80
What’s the heaviest organelle
Nucleus
81
What’s the lightest organelle
Ribosomes
82
Why does the solution have to be cold for ultracentrifugation
Minimise enzyme activity that could breakdown organelles
83
Why does the solution have to be isotonic for ultracentrifugation
To prevent osmotic damage to organelles that could disrupt their structure and function
84
Why does the solution have to be buffered for ultracentrifugation
To maintain a stable pH, preventing the damage of proteins and organelles

Biology (5 decks)

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