2a. As countries develop economically, the frequency of CD's decreases, while the prevalence of NCD's increases Flashcards
What is the Epidemiological Transition?
The change in the incidence, distribution & control of disease both temporal + spatially
Stages of the Epidemiological Transition: Stage 1
The age of pestilence & famine
- Poorer regions (Amazon tribes, The Taureg etc)
- CD’s dominate
- Little sanitation
- Very few countries in this stage
Stages of the Epidemiological Transition: Stage 2
The age of receding pandemics
- LIDC’s
- Basic sanitation + amenities
- CD’s most common
- Living standards slowly improving
Stages of the Epidemiological Transition: Stage 3
Era of degenerative + man made disease
- EDC’s
- life expectancy approx 60-70 yrs
- NCD’s on the rise
- Disease associated withe enviromental change
- CD’s decreasing due to increased medicines
Stages of the Epidemiological Transition: Stage 4
Delayed degenerative dieases
- AC’s
- CD’s decreasing
- Development in medicines = delayed onset degenerative diseases
- NCD’s mostly managed (50% all cancers in UK cured)
- Rise in life expectancy to 80 yrs
Prevalence of CD’s in LIDC’s: Socio-economic
- poor healthcare services
- Lack of resources
- little investment into social resources
- Low literacy levels
Prevalence of CD’s in LIDC’s: Health
- Undernutrition = lack of food to maintain bodyweight
- Malnutrition = Unbalanced diet (protein + vitamin deficiency)
- ## Poor diet = weak immune system = increased risk of bacterial + viral infections
Prevalence of CD’s in LIDC’s: Environmental
- Water pollution due to lack of hygiene = increased risk of waterborne diseases e.g Cholera
- Poor drainage of water can create breeding grounds for vectors (mosquitos + snails)
High temperatures + abundant rainfall = ideal conditions fro CD’s
Prevalence of NCD’s in AC’s: Socio-economic
- Increased investment into infrastructure, social amenities + healthcare
- Increased life expectancy due to better overall health
- Higher disposable incomes to spend on food, drugs, alcohol etc = increased risk f NCD’s
Prevalence of NCD’s in AC’s: Health
- Increased access to processed foods = increased risk of NCD’s e.g CVD, Diabetes, high blood pressure, cancer etc
- Increased risk in developing world
Prevalence of NCD’s in AC’s: Environment
- 70% cancer deaths occur in middle income countries
Case Study of health impact of air pollution: Delhi, India
- Industrial hub
- Government focusing on industrial growth
- PM 2.5
- EDC = fast growing
- 2nd largest global city
- Highest smog levels = NW India
Air pollution in Delhi: Causes
- Large volumes of CO2 trapped in Hymilaya
- Construction industry
- Rapid growth
- Large vol of vehicles without emission tax
- Growing population
- Smog due to late farming period of rice = farmers burn their old crops stubble
Air pollution in Delhi: Impacts
- Deteriorating eyesight
- Cardio vascular problems
- Impacts health fro the future
- 30,00 deaths per year
- x1 day posed to smog = equivalent to smoking x40 cigarettes
- Smog worsens in winter due to stable high air pressure
Air pollution in Delhi: Management
- Construction stops in October - November to decrease pollution levels
- Restrictions of vehicles
What links are there between smog & water cycle?
- Monsoon season washes away the smog = decreased PM 2.5
- Water vapour condos around the PM 2.5 - this gets heavy and eventually falls as rain
Causes of Rural air pollution
- Lack of electricity = dependancy on biofuels e.g. animal dung + paraffin
- Indoor air pollution = 1 million premature deaths per year
Causes of Urban air pollution
- Burning of fossil fuels = particulate pollution (PM 2.5)
- Construction
- Largest threat to human health - PM 2.5 penetrates into lungs
- Respiratory diseases = 1.7x high in Delhi than rural areas
- Lung function is reduced by 40% in urban areas
Governments attitude towards air pollution
- Prioritises financial gain over health pf population
- Globalisation = increased opportunities for EDC’s as TNC typically move to them = increase job security & incomes for population
National strategies to reduce risk
- STOP Subsidies for fuel & diesel
- Restrictions on stubble burning
- Building of metro systems to reduce combustion from cars & promote public transport
Global solutions
- International treatys/agreements to set goals in reducing GHG emissions
- World cancer day = increased attention around the severity of the global cancer epidemic = increased pressure put on governments to help reduce it
