1a. Disease can be classified & their patterns mapped. The spread of disease is complex & influenced by multiple factors

Question 1

Infectious Disease

Answer 1

A disease that spreads via parasites, fungus, bacteria etc

Question 2

Contagious Disease

Answer 2

A disease spread by direct/indirect contact between people

Question 3

Communicable Disease

Answer 3

An infectious disease that spreads from host - host

Question 4

Non-communicable disease

Answer 4

Non infectious disease that CAN’T be transmitted

Question 5

Epidemic

Answer 5

An outbreak that spreads quickly through the population/geographical area

Question 6

Endemic

Answer 6

A disease that exists permanently in a geographical area/group of people

Question 7

Pandemic

Answer 7

An epidemic that spreads globally

Question 8

Mortality

Answer 8

Rate of death in a population

Question 9

Morbidity

Answer 9

Rate of disease in a population

Question 10

Zoonotic disease

Answer 10

Disease transmitted from an animal to a human

Question 11

Epidemiology

Answer 11

Method to find the causes of health outcomes and disease in populations

Question 12

Public Health

Answer 12

All organised measures to prevent disease and promote health + prolong life

Question 13

Opportunistic disease

Answer 13

Infections that occur often and thrive in people with weak immune systems

Question 14

Vector

Answer 14

Living organism that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another

Question 15

Immunisation

Answer 15

Process where a person becomes protected against a disease

Question 16

Outbreak

Answer 16

Sudden occurrence of soemthing

Question 17

Eradication

Answer 17

Complete destruction of something

Question 18

Pharmaceutical

Answer 18

Refers to Medicines, drugs, their preparation, use or scale

Question 19

Pathogen

Answer 19

An organism that causes disease to its host

Question 20

How do diseases spread?

Answer 20

• Touching
• Sneezing
• Travel
• Food
• Natural hazards
• Migration
• Water
• Conflict
• Displacement
• Plague

Question 21

Ways to stop diseases spreading

Answer 21

• Sanitation
• Clean water sources
• Restricted travel/ migration of people
• Colder climates
• Vaccines + medicines
• Quarantine

Question 22

What facilities disease spreading?

Answer 22

• Cliamte
• Environment
• QofL
• Trade routes
• Air travel/transport networks
• Contaminated water
• level of development

Question 23

Hagastrand Model

Answer 23

Primary stage = Only a few people have it

Secondary Stage = Rapid expansion as enough people have it

Condensation + saturation = Rate slows as people are dead or become immune

S - Shaped curve as cases increases via spreading but they then reach a plateau after the most susceptible people have caught it

Question 24

The Neighbourhood Effect

Answer 24

The probability of contracting a disease
- The proximity between people can determine the rate of spread of a disease

Question 25

Types of diffusion: Expansion

Answer 25

A disease has a source that allows it to spread outwards into new areas Example: TB

Question 26

Types of diffusion: Relocation

Answer 26

A disease leaves the area of origin and moves into new spaces Example: 2010 Cholera epidemic - Disease spread from Nepal - Haiti via peacekeepers

Question 27

Types of diffusion: Hierarchical

Answer 27

A disease that spreads through an ordered sequence of places from large connected areas to smaller, isolated areas Example: 2009 H1N1 pandemic - Occurred due to international flights

Question 28

Types of diffusion: Contagious

Answer 28

Disease spreads through direct contact with carrier

Question 29

Types of diffusion: Network

Answer 29

A disease spreads via transportation + social networks

Question 30

Barriers to diffusion

Answer 30

- Climate - Education e.g how to prevent infection - Political control e.g borders - Physical geography - Lockdowns - Physical barriers e.g. mountains, landlocked etc

Question 31

Global Distribution of disease: Malaria

Answer 31

Equator/central Africa: - Hot, humid climate with high seasonal rainfall - Land locked = water sources become stagnant = mosquito breeding grounds - Poor - lower standard of living - Less access to healthcare - Low literacy rates

Question 32

Global Distribution of disease: HIV

Answer 32

High rates in southern + Eastern Africa: - Lack of education on how it spreads - Fluid transmission via unprotected sex + sharing of needles - Less access to sexual protection + healthcare facilities - Commonly spread via gay men - Prostitution is high

Question 33

Global Distribution of disease: TB

Answer 33

Rural Africa: - Burning of fuelwood & Kerosene, peoples lungs are affected - Made worse by lack of medical help available - Can be easily eradicated in advanced western countries - Affects LIDC's - Vaccines available

Question 34

Global Distribution of disease: Diabetes

Answer 34

Common in AC's: - Increased access to to processed food + its cheap so attractive - Higher disposable incomes - Sugar tax = high sugar products more accessible in HIC's due to higher incomes

Question 35

Global Distribution of disease: Cardio vascular

Answer 35

High rates in EDC's: - High pollution - Industrial - Healthcare + education isn't as advanced compared with western countries - life expectancy is increasing = increased opportunity to develop NCD's AC's = lower sis due to increased healthcare & education around good lifestyles