1a. Disease can be classified & their patterns mapped. The spread of disease is complex & influenced by multiple factors Flashcards
Infectious Disease
A disease that spreads via parasites, fungus, bacteria etc
Contagious Disease
A disease spread by direct/indirect contact between people
Communicable Disease
An infectious disease that spreads from host - host
Non-communicable disease
Non infectious disease that CAN’T be transmitted
Epidemic
An outbreak that spreads quickly through the population/geographical area
Endemic
A disease that exists permanently in a geographical area/group of people
Pandemic
An epidemic that spreads globally
Mortality
Rate of death in a population
Morbidity
Rate of disease in a population
Zoonotic disease
Disease transmitted from an animal to a human
Epidemiology
Method to find the causes of health outcomes and disease in populations
Public Health
All organised measures to prevent disease and promote health + prolong life
Opportunistic disease
Infections that occur often and thrive in people with weak immune systems
Vector
Living organism that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another
Immunisation
Process where a person becomes protected against a disease
Outbreak
Sudden occurrence of soemthing
Eradication
Complete destruction of something
Pharmaceutical
Refers to Medicines, drugs, their preparation, use or scale
Pathogen
An organism that causes disease to its host
How do diseases spread?
- Touching
- Sneezing
- Travel
- Food
- Natural hazards
- Migration
- Water
- Conflict
- Displacement
- Plague
Ways to stop diseases spreading
- Sanitation
- Clean water sources
- Restricted travel/ migration of people
- Colder climates
- Vaccines + medicines
- Quarantine
What facilities disease spreading?
- Cliamte
- Environment
- QofL
- Trade routes
- Air travel/transport networks
- Contaminated water
- level of development
Hagastrand Model
Primary stage = Only a few people have it
Secondary Stage = Rapid expansion as enough people have it
Condensation + saturation = Rate slows as people are dead or become immune
S - Shaped curve as cases increases via spreading but they then reach a plateau after the most susceptible people have caught it
The Neighbourhood Effect
The probability of contracting a disease
- The proximity between people can determine the rate of spread of a disease
Types of diffusion: Expansion
A disease has a source that allows it to spread outwards into new areas
Example: TB
Types of diffusion: Relocation
A disease leaves the area of origin and moves into new spaces
Example: 2010 Cholera epidemic
- Disease spread from Nepal - Haiti via peacekeepers
Types of diffusion: Hierarchical
A disease that spreads through an ordered sequence of places from large connected areas to smaller, isolated areas
Example: 2009 H1N1 pandemic
- Occurred due to international flights
Types of diffusion: Contagious
Disease spreads through direct contact with carrier
Types of diffusion: Network
A disease spreads via transportation + social networks
Barriers to diffusion
- Climate
- Education e.g how to prevent infection
- Political control e.g borders
- Physical geography
- Lockdowns
- Physical barriers e.g. mountains, landlocked etc
Global Distribution of disease: Malaria
Equator/central Africa:
- Hot, humid climate with high seasonal rainfall
- Land locked = water sources become stagnant = mosquito breeding grounds
- Poor
- lower standard of living
- Less access to healthcare
- Low literacy rates
Global Distribution of disease: HIV
High rates in southern + Eastern Africa:
- Lack of education on how it spreads
- Fluid transmission via unprotected sex + sharing of needles
- Less access to sexual protection + healthcare facilities
- Commonly spread via gay men
- Prostitution is high
Global Distribution of disease: TB
Rural Africa:
- Burning of fuelwood & Kerosene, peoples lungs are affected
- Made worse by lack of medical help available
- Can be easily eradicated in advanced western countries
- Affects LIDC’s
- Vaccines available
Global Distribution of disease: Diabetes
Common in AC’s:
- Increased access to to processed food + its cheap so attractive
- Higher disposable incomes
- Sugar tax = high sugar products more accessible in HIC’s due to higher incomes
Global Distribution of disease: Cardio vascular
High rates in EDC’s:
- High pollution
- Industrial
- Healthcare + education isn’t as advanced compared with western countries
- life expectancy is increasing = increased opportunity to develop NCD’s
AC’s = lower sis due to increased healthcare & education around good lifestyles
