2.A Flashcards
economic globalisation leading to the emergence of new source areas and host destinations
- intensification of globalisation = major bilateral corridors migration relationships strong and new ones
- migration patterns that reflect the change in global economic trends: inter-regional and intra-regional migration
examples of inter-regional migration changing global economic trends
- migration of highly skilled workers and highly educated: from china, India and Brazil to USA
- migration of workers attracted by demand of labour, wages, remittances, accommodation, communications: from India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Egypt to oil-producing Gulf states and Saudi Arabia
examples of intraregional migration reflecting changing global economic trends
- rapid increase of international migrant stock among ASEAN member states
- increased migration streams within South America to the ‘southern cone’
- regional integration eased immigration through free movement of labour
- return migration
details of increased migration streams
- southern cone = Argentina, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay
- the main drivers are disparities in wages and labour opportunities
detail of increase of international migrant stock
- main destinations: Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand
- main sources: Myanmar, Loa and Cambodia
- most migrants low-skilled, undocumented, seeking employment and higher wages via cyclical migration to countries of higher socio-economic development
detail of return migration
- high proportion of migrant flows within the EU
- includes young workers having achieved their preplanned economic goals after 2-3yrs
- in host country = low skilled jobs
- home country = prestigious positions
internal migrant flows
- within EDCs driven by FDI which created agglomerations of economic activity near large urban centres
- rural to urban migration reinforced and is a major element of the global migration system
high concentration of young workers
- greater employment opportunities, higher wages and remittances
- clear male dominance
- largest age group: 25-39
- construction is main job - 4% employed in health and 3% in education sector
- low skilled
- not educated further than primary level
high concentration of female migrants
- 2013: 52% female migrants in developed countered and 46% in developing countries
- Latin America, Caribbean, North America and Oceania = female international migration exceeded men
- Africa and Asia = men exceeded female
- last two decades = females greater independence, status, freedom and increasing importance as main income earners
- 2013: 101 countries = female international migrant stock greater than male
- tertiary educated women migrants in OECD’s increased by 80% = higher educated than males
international migrant stock
- the number of people born in a country other than that in which they now live
- includes refugees
why have south-south flows of migration became equal to south-north migration
- restrictive administrative barriers for migrants from South - North = redirection to South country
- fast-growing economies in the South offering employment opportunities and are increasingly accessible
- increased awareness for opportunities = improved communications and developing social and business networks
- preventative costs of moving to more distant richer countries
flows of south-south corridors
- flows of migration from an LIDC - LIDC
- explained by labour migration
- 2/3rd migrant remittances between countries of the south 2013
EX Bangladesh - India: flow of 3.3M migrants - explained by fleeing conflict: 2.3M migrants fled from Afghanistan to Pakistan
flows of south the north corridors
migration flows from an LIDC - EDC / AC
refugee
someone who has moved outside the country of his nationality or usual domicile because of genuine fear of persecution or death
conflict and persecution have increased numbers of refugees
causes
- effect of conflict: personal safety, loss of homes, access to services, damage to other infrastructure including communications
- political persecution, discrimination and violation of human rights
- economic hardship: forced labour and modern slavery
- impacts of natural hazards
effects
- UNHCR - refugees increased globally by 4M 2012-2014
- 2014 - 1.66M asylum seeking applications submitted
how has the conflict in Syria increased refugees
- civil war 2011 led to international displacement of 8M people and 5M international refugees
- most refugees migrated to: Turkey and Lebanon
- influx of refugees = Lenanon gov issues requirement for entry visa, previously movement between border unrestricted
- how far refugees went depended on their wealth
changes in national immigration policies
- designed to meet the economic, social and political needs of a country
- ACs: UK, Australia and Canada used points based system to satisfy labour shortages in particular sectors
changes in national emigration policies
- developing world actively encourage emigration to assist development process through the financial benefits of migrant remittances, skills, ideas from returning migrants
Pakistan position on emigration
- pro-emigration government = 7M Pakistans working abroad, 96% working in the Gulf Cooperation Council countires
- 2013 = remittances $11.5B
Pakistan national emigration policy
aims to promote emigration and safeguard migrants following requirements:
- Ratification of ILO and UN conventions regarding rights of workers and protection of basic human rights
- promotion of the export of Pakistani manpower abroad
- positive steps to encourage female participation in overseas employment
- support for social networks and associations abroad - Pakistani Diaspora
- establishment of training institutions to help Pakistani youth in prep for working abroad
Gulf cooperation council countries
Saudi Arabia UAE Oman Baharin Qatar Kuwait
Canada’s position economically
- high-income country
- total population was 35M
- changes made to immigration policy to address skills gap in labour market
Canada new immigration policy
- aimed at countries long term requirement for engineers, IT specialists and health care workers
- potential migrants ranked on an 1200-point system
- enabling young, highly skilled immigrants to be fast-tracked
- every effort id made to employ a Canadian citizen first
- applicants in their 20’s receive max points for age
bilateral migration
- migrant flow between two countries
- number of migrants, their composition and direction of flow is important
- ## different scales: Mexico to USA VS Sudan to South Sudan
bilateral migrant corridors include economic, social and political influences x8
- costs of travel relating to proximity
- access and communication between countries
- efficiency and cost of sending remittances
- employment opportunities, wage differences
- diaspora
- migration policy and policy on refugees
- culture: language currency etc
the lee migration model
- consistent of pull and push factors as well as intervening obstacles
- pull factors - things that make people immigrate: wages, employment, opportunities
- push factors - reason why people emigrate: conflict, inequalities, lack of employment
- intervening objects: pinch points of a journey = money or physical geography
international migration
movement from one country to another
divided up into interregional and intraregional
interregional migration on international scale
permanent movement from one country to another between continents
intraregional migration on an international scale
permanent movement from one country to another within the same continent
internal migration
travel within a country a short distance
can be divided into intraregional or interregional
interregional migration on local scale
- permanent movement from one region of a country to another region
intraregional migration on a local scale
permanent movement within a single region of a country
OEDC
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
37 countries: Austria, Australia, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Colombia etc
Gulf cooperation council countries
Saudi Arabia UAE Oman Baharin Qatar Kuwait
