290 Final Flashcards
memorize random stat things n hard questions
In a 2005 poll what percentage of Canadians reported that they make a conscious effort to take care of their mental health?
90 percent
Approximately 30 percent of which group are estimated to suffer from schizophrenia and mood disorders?
homeless individuals
What percentage of psychiatric patients is readmitted within a year of their release?
40-50%
In which decade did the number of patients in mental hospitals peak?
1950s
In the United States, when did the average inpatient population in mental hospitals peak?
It was nearly 550,000 in the mid-1950s.
How do tricyclics work?
by slowing the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin
What are the most likely complaints of patients seeking mental health services?
anxiety and depression
From which other type of therapy does cognitive therapy borrow many techniques?
Behavioral
What would a behaviour therapists focus be in treating abnormal behaviour?
the environmental cues and consequences associated with the troublesome behaviour
How does the psychoanalytic therapist deal with transference?
by allowing hte client to work through the associated feelings
How does a psy d differ from a phd program?
Phd programs have a relatively heavier emphasis on research whereas the psy d program encourages research but does not require it past dissertation
a perception at odds with reality???
Hallucination
Bianca is suddenly confronted by a snarling pit bull. Based on Schachter’s two-factor theory of emotion, what would Bianca report?
My pounding heart means I am afraid because I interpret this as a dangerous situation
What does the Cannon–Bard theory of emotion state?
Physiological reactions and cognitive assessments occur together but are independent of each other
Subtle differences in the patterns of autonomic arousal that accompany basic emotions, such as happiness, anger, and fear, would provide support for which theory of emotion?
James Lange Theory (but why?)
When a snarling dog approached him suddenly, Ron began to sweat, his heart beat more rapidly, and his muscles tensed. According to the James–Lange theory, when did Ron first feel the emotion of fear?
Right after the physiological arousal began
Although researchers have a difficult time agreeing on “basic” emotions, which emotions do most researchers agree are basic emotions?
Anger, Fear, Disgust, Surprise
Which theory suggests that individuals can alter their emotional experiences by changing the interpretations they give to physiological arousal?
Schacter two factor theory
What did Walter Cannon point out when he criticized the James–Lange theory?
very different emotions are accompanied by highly similar patterns of physiological arousal
What does the James–Lange theory of emotion state?
Physiological reactions precede and drive the cognitive interpretations of emotions
After Tina waited for her car to be serviced for over two hours, the mechanic told her that it would be at least another hour before the car is ready. Tina feels furious when the mechanic tells her this. This reaction is part of which component of Tina’s emotional experience?
Cognitive
What is the basic assumption behind the polygraph exam?
Lying causes increased emotionality which is accompanied by physiological reactions
Which determinant of achievement does NOT vary from situation to situation?
Individual motivation to achieve success
What determinant of achievement increases when a student is enrolled in a university course required for graduation?
incentive value of success
What is associated with the need for affiliation?
the desire to be loved
How does INsulin influence eating and hunger?
By playing a role in the fluctuation of hunger
Which statement best describes gender differences in orgasm consistency?
the gender differences associated with orgasm consistency diminish with age
What best describes the relationship between the probability of success and the incentive value of a task for easy tasks?
(#50) As the probability of success increases, the incentive value of the task decreases. (as tasks get easier success becomes less satisfying)
According to Piaget, which term refers to the revision of a mental structure to incorporate new information?
accomodation
Kohlberg’s first stages (1 and 2) - marked by punishment/reward
Preconventional stage
Kohlbergs 3 +4 stage, makred by other’s approval (good boy/bad girl) or authority (society’s rules, and what gets punished)
conventional
Kohlberg’s 5 and 6 th stage, marked by social conract (society’s rules but rules arefallable rather than aboslute), abstract ethical principles, equity + justice
Post Conventional
According to Kohlberg, what level of moral reasoning is associated with personal guiding principles that take precedence over laws when deciding what is right or wrong?
Postconventional (stages 5 +6)
Numerous studies have measured spouses’ overall satisfaction in different stages of the family life cycle. What have these studies found about marital satisfaction during the early years of marriage?
Some newly weds scored on the distress range for marital satisfaction
Julia has recently retired and she finds herself really focused on her past mistakes. She spends much of her time reliving painful episodes and trying to figure out what she could have done differently. According to Erikson, what psychosocial crisis is she facing?
Integrity vs Despair
What percentage of people over age 75 experience dementia?
15-20 percent
In Erikson’s theory, what stage occurs during the early school years?
Industry vs Inferiority
In Erikson’s theory, what stage occurs during first year? When they are babies
trust vs mistrust (infant depends totally on others for their care)
Eriksons second stage, when parents start to toilet train (second and third years of life)
Autonomy vs Shame and doubt
Eriksons third stage, ages 3-6, kid start to take initiative that might conflict with parents rules
Initiative vs Guilt
Eriksons 4th stage, age 6 thru puberty, challenge to learn to function in realms outside the home (like school, maybe a job)
Industry vs Inferiority
Which statement best describes adolescence as we know it in Canada today?
It occurs because of the trend toward prolonged education and economic dependence
According to Erikson, what psychosocial crisis during early adulthood do individuals need to resolve?
Intimacy vs Isolation
Eriksons 5th stage =Adolescence asking who am i and where am i going? (forming identity)
Identity vs confusion
Eriksons 6th stage=early adulthood=shall I share my life with another?
Intimacy vs Isolation
ERiksons 7th stage= Middle adulthood=Will I produce something of real value?
Generativity vs Self absorption
Eriksons 8th stage=late adulthood= have I lived a full life?
Integrity vs despair
based on effective forecasting what is most likely to happen if you won the lottery (emotionallY) ?
you would have very little change in your emotions pre win to post win
What does robert plutchik suggest about emotions?
different intensities of primary emotions
Piagets stages
sensorimotr, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
Piaget stage 1 =birth to 2=marked by coordiation of sensory iput and motor responoses, object permanence
Senorimotor
Piagets stage 2=ages 2 to 7=symbolic thought, irreversibilty, centration, egoentrism
preoperational
Piaget stage 3=ages 7 to 11=conservation
Concrete Operational (tangible objects and concrete events)
Piaget stage 4=ages 11 to adulthoood, abstract ideas, logical and systemic thinking
Formal Operational
Which type of psychologist would be most interested in training raccoons to respond to symbols?
Evolutionary psychologist
Poz and Zog visit earth. Poz focuses on studying how computers are used for work and play while Zog focuses on studying the construction of the components….if you were to compare their approaches to the original schools of psychology which school of thought would Poz be most like?
Poz would be similar to a functionlist
statistics that are used to interpret data and draw conclusions
inferential statistics (researchers used to determine whether the observed diffferences between the two groups in a study was large enough to support the hypothesis)
What does the mode of a group of scores represent?
central tendency
What are the three measures of central tendency?
median (score that falls exactly in the centre), mean is the arithmetic average of the scores in a distribution, mode is hte most frequent score in a distribution - in general the MEAN is the most useful measure of central tendency because additional stat manipulations can be performed on it that are not possible with the median or the mode
Where would you look to find a database of research in psychology and breif summaries of individual studies?
PsycInfo
What can be said about a distribution of scores where the MEAN is lower than the median and the mode?
the distribution is negatively skewed
What is it called when someone fills out a survey and doesn’t really pay attention to what they are ansewring and just marks yes yes yes on all the ansewrs?
Response set
WHAT is the purpose of the control group?
to isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. and never forget that the INDEPENDENT variable is hte one the scientist manipulates and the DEPENDENT variable is the one that will be impacted and can be measured
if a researcher is examining hte effect of alcholol consumption on reaction time, and he gives one group real alcohol and the other group a nonalcoholic fake drink, what type of research flaw should be minimized by this research design?
Placebo Effect
What did Wilhelm Wundt believe that psychologists should study?
consciousness or the awareness of immediate experience
Which areas of psychology focus on the integration of research on consciousness and physiology?
cognition and behavioural neuroscience
Jane plans to go to graduate school to study changes in thought processes and interpersonal relationships. Which area is she most likely to study?
Developmental Psychology - which is also the area that is a major research area in psychology, for the largest number of psychologists
According to APA, developmental psychology is the most common research specialization. Which specialization is identified as the second most common?
social psychology
Currently, what is the most popular professional specialty in psychology?
Clinical psychology
Define Structuralism
Structuralism was based on notion that the task of pscyhology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how these elements are related (Tichner) = focused on SENSATION and PERCEPTION, relied on INTROSPECTION
Define Functionalism and name a functionalist
Functinoalism was based on view that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness rather than its strucutre. William James - he focused on the the FLOW of CONSCIOUSNESS
Define behaviourism and name a behaviourist
John B Watson my boy, beahviourism is a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behaviour. Wanted to discard consciousness, thought it was useless and not measurable
What are the steps in the scientific investigation?
1 forumate a hypothesis, #2 design teh study, #3 collect the data, #4 analyze the data, #5 report the findings
which measure of central trendency is most sensitive to extreme scores?
the Mean baby girl
Which of the following is NOT something that Canadian psychologists have a responsibility to protect?
It’s NOT integrity, but they do have to be responsible to protect privacy, personal liberty, self determination
What code of ethics do Canadian psychologists use?
Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists
What are some key ethical principles set forth by the Canadian Psychological Association (CPA)?
respect for the dignity of persons, responsible caring, integrity of relationships (it is NOT need for informed consent)
What research goal does the use of double-blind procedures help researchers meet?
having objective unbiased results
Two friends signed up for a study investigating the effectiveness of a new psychotherapy technique. Michael was assigned to a group that actually received the psychotherapy; Harold was assigned to a group that discussed their concerns in a group setting but no licensed therapist was present. What should you conclude if both Michael and Harold feel that the treatment they received was effective?
a placebo effect could lead BOTH Michael AND Harold to beleive tx was effective
What term is most closely associated with the ability to generalize the findings from a research study?
representative findings
Why are placebo effects a problem?
they make it seem like a tx has a larger effects then it really did
What information is provided by a correlation between two variables?
it allows one ot be able to predict the value of one variable based on your knowledge of a second variable.
What is central tendency?
the typical or average score in a data set
Which term best describes measures of central tendency and variability?
DESCRIPTIVE statistics to describe it ding dong
In a review of a research study, the reviewer states, “The researchers focused almost exclusively on information that fit with what they expected to find; therefore, their findings may not be reliable.” Based on this reviewer’s comments, what research method was most likely used?
case study
Researchers who were interested in the effects of talking on a cell phone while driving counted the number of driving errors committed in a driving simulator. The participants were 21-year-old women. Half of them completed the driving simulation while talking on a hands-free cell phone, and the other half completed the driving simulation while listening to a recording of a radio talk show. In this study, what was the experimental group?
The women talking using the hands free cell phone of course (that is what the scientists were measuring, and hte other women were LISTENING to a god damn radio show)
What scientific goal is evident when researchers formulate hypotheses about relationships between variables and then use the scientific method to test these hypotheses?
Understanding and prediction
List the scientific goals and give an example
Measurement and Description, Understanding and Prediction, Application and control,
What is NOT is not a weakness associated with projective tests?
Deliberate Deception is not (the others that ARE include low reliability, cultural bias, and inconsistent scoring
Which personality trait may have evolved to ensure that people bond with other people which in turn benefits survival? hint we don’t have to all get along but we do have to try and connect with each other
Extraversion
This perspective on personality theory has a strength because it is based in extensive empirical research
What is the Behavioural perspective theories on personality
What is ANEOC ?
The big 5 personality traits (agreeableness, neuroticism, extraversion, openness, conscientiousness
Alexandra beleives that the affection she gets from friends is conditional, according to Rogers what must she do to feel worthy of Affection?
distort her shortcomings
Defence mechanisms are associated with which two theorists?
Freud and Rogers
If you are interested in measuring and describing hte personality traits of a typical individual which test would you most likely adminstor?
NEO Personality Inventory
True or False: Psychology develops in a sociohistorical context?
True
In his studies on conformity, Asch found that if a group of persons shares an opinion that is contradictory to your opinion, what are you most likely to do?
Voice the opinion of the group
tendency to blame victims for their misfortunes, so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way
Defensive attribution
tendency to attribute one’s successes to personal factors and one’s failures to situational factors (hint SELF )
self-serving bias (ie attributing one’s success on a test to your intelligence and one’s failure to the teachers methods)
observer’s bias in favour of internal attributions in explaining others behaviour
fundamental attribution error (coach said he didn’t have the HEART
You beleive that loud men tend to be insecure, based on the illusory correlation concept what are you most likely to do ?
overestimate the frequency of insecure loud men
What is hte term for your unique ideas about how a university class should be run, what a typically “A” student seems like, and how a typical professor will act?
Social schema
What statement best describes type A behaviour and the risk of coronary heart disease?
The relationship between the two is more modest than originally thought, with Type A behaviour increasing the coronary risk only for some
3 phases of general adaptation syndrome
Alarm, resistance, exhaustion
What would not be a popular response to stress according to Western society?
Giving up
Person with learned helplessness responds to stress with?
Fatalistic thinking and becoming resigned to accept a negative outcome
What is one of the recent finding on the impact of stress on the brain?
Interferes with neurogensis
People often underestimate the risks of their own health impairing behaviour
yes, just know this, in the scenario Luigi thought he would never get cancer even tho he a smoker girl
Which statement describes the optimal level of stress for task performance?
It decreases as the task becomes MORE complex
Autistic Aloneness
Leo Kanner, children with autism show significant impairment in social interaction with others
Panic disorder vs anxiety disorder
anxiety disorder=chronic , class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension andanxiety, Panic disorders=characterized by recurrent attacks of overhwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpecedly
Trish has been diagnosed with an anxiety disorder, what is the lifetime risk that her identical twin will ALSO be diagnosed with an anxiety disorder?
35 %
Which disorder could best exemplify Martin Seligman’s concept of preparedness????? hint use your spidy senses to answer
Spider phobia (no clue why on this one)
What is the general term for physiological interventions meant to reduce symptoms of psych disorders?
biomedical therapy
Which term refers to the therapists attempts to explain the inner significance of the clients thoughts, feelings, bheaviours…
Interpretation, used by psychoanalysists (associated with dream therapy and free association)
From which other type of therapy does cognitive therapy borrow techniques?
Behavioural
What would be a behaviour therapists focus in treating in treating an abnormal behaviour?
environmental cues and consequences associated with the behaviour
Which therapies are mainly intended to eliminate symptoms rather than change personality?
behaviour and drug therapies
Deep brain stimulation, implanting an electrode would most likely be used to treat what disorders?
parkinsons and tardive dyskinesia
What is the general term for for physiological inerventions intedned to reduce symptoms associated with psychological disorders????
Biomedical therapy
What type of therapists uses classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning??
Behaviour Therapist
Candace joined a sorority as a way of bolstering her self esteem, What defence mechanism does this bx reflect?
Identification
What is associated with freud’s stages of development?
sexual urges
What has been the main focus of research in the behavioural tradition?
Learning
According to Markus and Kitiyama, what do Asian cultures such as Japan and China foster?
An INTERdependent view of the self
Things to remember about group think
Which statement does NOT accurately describe group decision making? Answer is “Groups tend to focus on only on information that is not shared by individual members. The other things that DO describe group think include: Groupthink seems to promote incomplete gathering of information., Groups have a tendency to emphasize information that the members already share.,Sound decision making depends on group members combining their information effectively.
Which of the following has NOT been studied by social neuroscientists?
Roots of schizophrenia (others to choose from that HAVE been studied included aggression, control of oneself, understanding others)
Which statement about the nature of stress is NOT true?
stress only occurs when someone faces an overwhelming traumatic crisis (nope, it can be cumulative and a result of adding up everyday annoyances, or from positive things like marriage or a new job)
What occurs when the adrenal medulla is stimulated?
Large amounts of catecholamines are released into the blood stream
What is not a component of burnout?
physical illness (components of burnout include lower self efficacy, exhaustion, cynicism)
Assuming that none of the following individuals is a current smoker, who would be at the lowest risk for coronary heart disease?
someone who has frequent angry outbursts
Which of the following is NOT a benefit attributed to a regular exercise program?
improved immune function and lowered susceptibility to viral infections *you could still get covid even if you exercised, the benefits listed were like weight managemnet and lower risk of diabetes, lower levels of chronic inflamattion
How many minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity does the World Health Organization recommend?
150!!!!!!
What has NOT been cited as a reason for the tendency to procrastinate in the face of a medical emergency?
People are concerned over whether health insurance will cover the cost of treatment. PPL DO TEND TO procrastinate due to significance of their symptoms is misinterpreted, are concerned about how they will look to others if the problem is not significant, worry about bothering their physician with something trivial
Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons that people tend to procrastinate when they are faced with a medical emergency?
They are worried that their tx will be painful (so this is not a common concern), common concerns are: they downplay the significance of their problem, they are reluctant to disrupt plans that are already made, they focus on trivial details that can be delayed until later
What characterizes a class of disorders known as dissociative disorders?
loss of contact with consciousness or memory resulting in disruptions in the sense of identity
Which statement best describes mood disorders?
Depression is linked to reduced hippocampal volume.
The person who sits behind you in English class comes in one day and announces to the entire class that he will be away for the next 10 days while he goes to Norway to pick up the Nobel Prize for his prize-winning research on digestion. You are skeptical about the announcement, and when you question your classmate, he seems to be firmly convinced that he is Ivan Pavlov, and that he and his colleague have discovered a process called classical conditioning. In this case, what does your classmate in English appear to be experiencing?
Delusions of grandeur
What is a common characteristic of the disorders that comprise the odd/eccentric cluster of personality disorders?
an inability to connect with others emotionally
In what circumstances can defendants be found unfit to stand trial?
if they are judged unable to conduct a defence because of a psychological disorder
What therapeutic approach depends mainly on altering bodily functioning?
biomedical
A researcher who has been investigating the causes of test anxiety in Grade 4 students uses his research findings to design a tutor program to improve exam performance. Which scientific goal is this an example of?
Application and control
What scientific goal is evident when researchers formulate hypotheses about relationships between variables and then use the scientific method to test these hypotheses?
Understanding and prediction
What responsibility do psychologists have?
to ensure freedom of consent
Which of these funding agencies is NOT a member of the Tri-Council?
Canadian Council on Animal Care (others that were Social Science and Humanities Research Council, Natural Science and Engineering Research Council , Canadian Institutes of Health Research
he Canadian Psychological Association (CPA) has a set of ethical principles that outline how people who come into contact with psychologists should be treated. Which statement best describes the CPA principles?
They were designed to ensure the welfare of both human and animal research participants
Why are inferential statistics used by researchers?
they allow researchers to draw conclusions about the data collected mannnnn
What is statistical variability?
How much data points differ from each other and the MEAN
Researchers were investigating the effect of time cues on the number of minutes participants stayed awake between sleep cycles. The participants were 40-year-old men who lived for two weeks in a special room that was constantly lit. The rooms had no televisions and no radios, but the men had access to movies, music CDs, and books. Half the men lived in rooms with accurate clocks mounted on the wall; the other half lived in rooms with no clocks and no other way to keep accurate track of the passage of time. In this study, what was the independent variable?
The variable the researchers were manipulating/changing - so the access to accurate ways to tell time
Correlational Research
descriptive/correlational methods permit investigators to only describe patterns of bx and discover links or associations between variables. ALSO from mind tap it is nonexperimental study that quantifies the degree to which events, measures, or variables are associated
11 year old Felipe was asked what would happen if humans could fly. He reasoned that people would get places faster, that there would be fewer cars on the road, and that people would have to watch out for birds! Felipe’s reasoning capacity allows us to place him within Piaget’s ?????? stage of intellectual development.
Formal Operational (hint if they can abstract think it’s the oldest one )
recall it is
sensorimotor (babies
preoperational (2-7)
concrete operation (7-11)
formal (ages 11 and beyond
Recall stages of pregnancy - what is the one that is 14th day after conception until until the end of the second month??
Embryo (after the second month til birth is fetal stage), before the embryo stage is the zygote
Bandura had to do with cognitive processes and recipirocal determinism , what is reciprocal determinism?
It is the idea that internal mental events, external encorionmental events and overt bx all influence one another (Bem is a little similiar and Ithink this is why you get confused— Bem is associated with that study where people were payed $1 to do work they didn’t erlaly want to do, had to do with cognitive dissonance)– BEM also had to do with attitudes and self perception theory (I don’t like liberal politicions is an attitude,then they only vote for conservatives)
Name them, Name them, Name them: who are some examples of cognitive psychologists?
Piaget, Chomsky
Name them, Name them, Name them: Who are some examples of behavioural neuroscientists?
Sperry, James Olds, Hubel
Name them, Name them Name them: who is an example of a behaviourist???
John B Watson my boy, Skinner, Pavlor
You almost forgot about James Marcia’s 4 identity statuses, what are they and can you remember them for tomorrow lolz?
moratorium sticks out the most, (moratorium is like thinking thru options=active struggle for sense of identity), identity acheivement (sounds like what it is), identity foreclosure =unquestioning adoption of societal and parents values, identity diffusion=absence of identity confusion and no concern about it
Who was the first to describe how people make attributions?
Fritz Heider
