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finals bio > 29 Vertebrates > Flashcards

29 Vertebrates Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a chordate?

A

Deuterostomic animal (anus forms before mouth) with a notochord (flexible rod along their belly for support in early development)

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2
Q

why do chordates have a pharyngeal slit or cleft?

A

filter feeding and gas exchange

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3
Q

5 characteristics of chordates

A
  1. post anal tail
  2. notochord
  3. hollow nerve cord
  4. pharyngeal slits/clefts
  5. endostyle (produces mucus to gather food)
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4
Q

which fish like animal has all the key features of a chordate as an adult, and filter feeds with cilia in their pharynx?

A

cephalochordata or lancelet

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5
Q

which animal is highly derived and sessile

A

Urochordata/tunicates

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6
Q

which swimming larvae has all the key chordate features?

A

urochordata/tunicates

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7
Q

true or false: all vertebrates have jaws

A

false: the earliest vertebrates didn’t have jaws

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8
Q

what structure does the vertebrae enclose?

A

the spinal cord (nerve cord)

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9
Q

in most vertebrates, the vertebral column replaces the _____ as main body support.

A

notochord

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10
Q

what did the first vertebrates not have?

A

jaws and teeth

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11
Q

4 characteristics of vertebrates

A
  1. well developed head (cranium)
  2. 4 chambered heart and valves (closed circulatory system)
  3. gill arches/rods
  4. vertebrae that encloses spinal cord
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12
Q

describe the body parts of jawless vertebrates

A
  1. eel-like bodies, no fins
  2. jawless lol
  3. notochord
  4. cartilage skull, keratin teeth
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13
Q

what are gnathostomes?

A

vertebrates with a hinged jaw

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14
Q

which group of animals has the lateral line system, what is the lateral line system

A

aquatic gnathostomes have the lateral line system, which detects changes in pressure for prey or predators

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15
Q

what is countercurrent exchange in gnathostomes?

A

when water and blood flow in opposite directions, o2 from the water will diffuse into the blood.

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16
Q

osmoregulators vs osmoconformers

A

usually vertebrates are regulators, while invertebrates are conformers. regulators maintain homeostasis by balancing the amount of salt in their system, while conformers match the salinity of their environment.

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17
Q

what are chondrichtyes, how do they maintain buoyancy?

A

cartilaginous fish, their skeleton is made of cartilage, maintain buoyancy by liver oils and active swimming

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18
Q

true of false: Chondrichthyes are not active marine predators

A

false, they are active predators

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19
Q

oviparous vs ovoviviparous vs viviparous

A

animal lays eggs, eggs hatch outside
eggs are kept inside until they hatch
live birth

20
Q

what are Osteichthyes

A

bony fish, gnathostomes with lungs or lung derivatives, most diverse group of all vertebrates

21
Q

example of lung derivative

A

swim bladder, helps maintain buoyancy, evolved from lungs

22
Q

what is the most diverse group of all vertebrates

A

osteichthyes

23
Q

Actinopterygii : what is that

A

ray finned fish, almost all bony fish are ray finned

24
Q

actinistia

A

marine coelacanths (thought to have been extinct, living fossils)

25
Q

dipnoi

A

freshwater lung fishes, have lungs and dont need a swimbladder

26
Q

what are tetrapods

A

4 footed animal above fish.
- pelvic girdle
- neck

27
Q

what is the most basal extant tetrapod group

A

amphibians, they have moist skin and lungs

28
Q

what kind of heart do amphibians have

A

3 chambered heart

29
Q

almost all amphibians are ____parous

A

oviparous (fish like eggs)

30
Q

3 types of amphibians

A

frogs, salamanders, and caecilians (apoda) snake like no legs as an adult

31
Q

what trait connect us with reptiles?

A

amniotic egg

32
Q

what does the albumen do in the amniotic egg?

A

stores water

33
Q

what compound do amniotes convert in order to save water when excreting nitrogenous bases?

A

convert ammonia to uric acid or urea, secreted as urine.

34
Q

name some characteristics of amniotes

A
  1. improved dual blood circulation due to septate or completely divided ventricle
  2. rough dry skin (waterproof)
  3. amniotic egg
  4. negative pressure breathing
  5. water conserving excretion of nitrogenous wastes
35
Q

snakes descended from

A

lizards

36
Q

what is parthenogenesis?

A

can lay eggs without fertilization, usually in snakes and lizards

37
Q

what is bipedalism (think velociraptors)

A

ability to walk on 2 legs

38
Q

flight adaptaions

A

light weight but durable skeleton
stubby tails to maneuver directions
contour feathers for lift

39
Q

what do birds have instead of teeth?

A

gizzard

40
Q

mammals descended from

A

synapsid (amniotes with mammal traits)

41
Q

which era had the greatest diversification of mammals

A

cenozoic era

42
Q

why is the cecum essential structure for herbivores

A

cecum is a pouch in the large intestine that has mutualistic microbes that can digest cellulose (plant material)

43
Q

rumen / ruminants

A

mutualistic microbes digest cellulose in the rumen (part of the stomach)

44
Q

3 big clades of mammals

A
  1. monotremes: egg laying mammals
  2. marsupials: maternal pouch
  3. eutherians: nourishing placenta for longer gestation
45
Q

name characteristics of primates

A
  1. forward facing eyes
  2. flat face
  3. flat nails
  4. big brain
  5. hands and feet for grasping
46
Q

Homo sapiens traits

A
  • bipedal locomotion
  • much larger brain
  • reduced jaw and canine teeth
  • language, complex tools

finals bio (2 decks)

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