2.9 Social Developments to 1914 Flashcards

1
Q

Number of factory workers in Russia, 1900 + 1913

A

1900: 2 million factory workers
1913: 6 million factory workers

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2
Q

Between 1867 and 1917, what happened to the Empire’s urban population?

A

Quadrupled, from 7 to 28 million

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3
Q

By 1914, what fraction of people living in St Petersburg were peasants by birth? How does this compare to 50 years earlier?

A

3 out of every 4 people - had been 1in 3 50 years earlier

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4
Q

By 1914, how much of St Petersburg’s population had arrived in the last 20 years?

A

half the city’s population

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5
Q

At the turn of the century in St Petersburg, what percentage of houses had no running water or sewage system?

A

About 40% of houses

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6
Q

In 1908-09, how many inhabitants of St Petersburg died of cholera?

A

30,000

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7
Q

When was the industrial depression? (where urban conditions were at their worst)

A

1900-08

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8
Q

What was the average industrial wage increase from 1908 to 1914? What was the inflation rate at the same time?

A

245 roubles a month –> 264 roubles a month
while inflation was running at 40%

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9
Q

What piece of workers’ legislation was passed in 1885?

A

Prohibited night-time employment of women and children

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10
Q

What piece of workers’ legislation was passed in 1897?

A

Hours of work reduced to 11 and a half

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11
Q

What piece of workers’ legislation was passed in 1912?

A

Sickness and accident insurance for workers

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12
Q

What were normal factory working hours reduced to, by 1914? Why in reality did this not have much of an effect?

A

10 hours.
However, this did not apply to workshops, which were far more common

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12
Q

What was the percentage rise in primary school provision between 1905 and 1914?

A

85%

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13
Q

How many children were in full time education by 1914?

A

only 55%

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14
Q

Why was political activism in towns comparatively rare before 1905?

A

partly because strike activity illegal + secret police efficient
BUT ALSO
because of the relatively small numbers of workers + their desperation to get and retain jobs

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15
Q

From what year did strike activity escalate again? How many stoppages were there in 1914?

A

from 1912, strike activity escalated again
By 1914, there were 3574 stoppages

16
Q

When did workers at the Lena goldfields go on strike? What happened?

A

1912, went on strike for better wages and conditions - troops sent in + 270 workers killed, 250 injured

17
Q

On what percentage of the land did strip farming persist?

A

90% of the land

18
Q

Why did the gap between the richest and poorest sections of the peasantry become wider?

A

the wealthier kulaks took advantage of the less well off + sometimes even bought out their impoverished neighbour with the help of the peasant banks

19
Q

How many moved to Siberia from 1896? Why?

A

only 3.5 million, from a peasant population of nearly 97 million, encouraged by gov schemes to sponsor emigration from over-populated rural south + west to new agricultural settlements opened up by Trans-Siberian Railway

20
Q

What was the size of the peasant population by 1914?

A

nearly 97 million

21
Q

Where was there more prosperous commercial farming (and therefore better living standards)

A

in the peripheral regions of the empire - parts of Baltic, western Ukraine, northern Caucasus (to the south), western Siberia

22
Q

Where was the continuation of nobles’ landowning, and backward farming methods mainly concentrated?

A

In the Russian heartland - Figes noted that these were to become the areas that supported Bolshevik revolution in 1917, the more prosperous areas centres of counter-revolution

23
Q

What was Russia’s European ranking in terms of mortality rates

A

Mortality rates in Russia were higher than those in any other European country

24
In 1914, what was the rate of illiteracy?
still around 60% illiteracy
25
How much of all nobles' land had been transferred to townsmen and peasantry between 1861 and 1905?
Around 1/3 of all nobles' land
26
From 1896 to 1914, how did Government expenditure on primary education grow?
1896: 5 million roubles 1914: over 82 million roubles
27
By 1911, how many children between 8 and 11 were receiving primary education? what percentage of the age group was this?
over 6.5 million children between 8 and 11 - 44% of the age group
28
By 1914, how many newspapers were being published at least weekly?
1767
29
Between 1860 and 1914, how did the number of university students increase?
grew from 5000 (in 1860) to 69,000 (in 1914, 45% of them women)
30
How did secondary and higher education remain elitist?
although a quarter of students in secondary school in 1911 came from peasantry, this amounted to only 30,000 individuals
31
When were the tercentenary celebrations? What opinion did the Tsar take away from them?
1913, Nicholas returned convinced that 'my people love me'