28 - Accepting Risk

Question 1

Explain why a market for risk exists.

Answer 1

Different investors and businesses have different metrics for risk, values obtained from those metrics and different views on risk in the form of risk appetites. Thus, different parties have different perceived prices for certain risks allowing there to be a premium for another company, better equipped to deal with that particular risk, to take it on.

Question 2

When is ‘Risk Efficiency’ achieved through risk transfer?

Answer 2

When there is a good market for risk transfer a system is said to be ‘risk efficient’.

Question 3

How are regulators involved in the process of accepting risk?

Answer 3

1. They set minimum solvency levels to avoid inappropriate risk appetites.
2. They limit the amount of risk that a firm may transfer or accept as transferred risk.

Question 4

What is required by any person giving advice on accepting risk?

Answer 4

A good understanding of the clients risk appetite and the involvement of all stakeholders involved in the process.

Question 5

Give the main general influences that relate to risk appetites of companies and individuals

Answer 5

1. Existing exposure to risk

2. The culture of the individual/company

Question 6

Describe the main difficulty individuals face when it comes to accepting risk and why they are more likely to transfer risks.

Answer 6

Accepting risk requires that enough capital is needed to cover the potential losses if the risk event were to occur. Most individuals do not have access to this amount of capital.

Question 7

Give the main general considerations that define an entity’s risk appetite.

Answer 7

1. Risk profile, their current and future exposure to risk
2. Risk limits, the guidelines to the nature and extent of exposure they are willing to take on.
3. Risk capacity, the total manageable amount of risk a firm can take on.

Question 8

Give some common metrics for risk limits that can be given by the board of a company.

Answer 8

1. Solvency level
2. Credit rating
3. Earnings and dividends
4. Economic value
5. A combination of the above

Question 9

How do firms communicate their risk appetites and risk management processes to stakeholders?

Answer 9

The risk tolerance statement.

Question 10

Describe which risks a collective investment scheme allows individuals to transfer.

Answer 10

The risk of making poor investment decisions due to a lack of expertise or time to do enough research.

Question 11

How do financial providers usually internally diversify their risk profiles.

Answer 11

Through product synergies such as a life insurers that sells both annuities and term assurances.

Question 12

What is a key factor to align in order for a financial product to fulfil a clients needs as well as a providers risk mandates?

Answer 12

The providers perception of the beneficiary’s needs and risk appetite needs to align with that of the beneficiary.

Question 13

Describe the usefulness of rating factors.

Answer 13

Risk factors allow providers to determine an appropriate cost for a particular policy by classifying homogenous groups of policies.

Question 14

How do providers assess beneficiaries needs and desires?

Answer 14

Through market research and product trials.

Question 15

Why do providers wish to provide additional features to their products?

Answer 15

To make their products more marketable and competitive.

Question 16

What do providers need to keep in mind when including additional features and options in their contracts?

Answer 16

These additional options introduce new risks and therefore additional costs.

Question 17

Why do general insurers have more risk classification than other insurance industries?

Answer 17

1. They have greater competitive pressures and sell policies closer to their pricing basis, so they have less of a profit cushion for losses.
2. They have and record a lot more data due to frequency of collection.
3. Clients are more willing to give over the kind of data a general insurer requires than information about their health that life insurers or medical insurers require.

Question 18

Define an insurable risk.

Answer 18

1. The policyholder has an interest in the risk.
2. The risk is of a financial and reasonably quantifiable nature
3. The claim amount payable bears some relationship to the financial loss

Question 19

Define desirable characteristics of and insurable risk.

Answer 19

MUD PIS

1. Moral hazard should be eliminated as far as possible since it is hard to price.
2. Ultimate limit on liability undertaken
3. Data exists that can be used to price the risk
4. Pooling of a large number of similar risks
5. Independent risk events
6. Small probability of occurrence

Question 20

How do insurers and reinsurers create a profit by accepting risks?

Answer 20

They make use of pooling of risks. This allows them to reduce the variability in their aggregate claims and so allowing more certainty around the capital required to back a group of risks, which allows them to charge profit over the fair price that individuals are willing to pay to transfer the risk.

Question 21

Give the factors that affect a company’s risk appetite.

Answer 21

1. The size of the company
2. The nature of the company’s business
3. Whether the company is a multinational or other enterprise
4. The level of capital available
5. The culture of the company - past experience, views of the board, views of the shareholders
6. The extent to how new risks differ from existing risks
7. Any regulatory requirements