2.8

Question 1

Is a cryptographic implementation designed to demonstrate authenticity and identity associated with a message.

Answer 1

Digital signatures

Question 2

As a general rule, a longer key length is more secure, but also will take longer to compute.

Answer 2

Key length

Question 3

Is a mechanism that takes what would be weak keys and “stretches” them to make the system more secure against brute force attacks.

Answer 3

Key stretching

Question 4

The level of randomness.

Answer 4

Entropy

Question 5

Refers to the process of adding random data to plaintext before it is hashed. This technique is commonly used in password hashing to enhance security and mitigate various attacks.

Answer 5

Salting

Question 6

Is a special mathematical function that performs one-way encryption, which means that once the algorithm is processed, there is no feasible way to use the ciphertext to retrieve the plaintext that was used to generate it.

Answer 6

Hashing function

Question 7

Is a fundamental concept in cryptography that involves securely establishing a shared secret key between two parties over an insecure communication channel. This shared key can then be used to encrypt and decrypt messages exchanged between the parties, ensuring confidentiality and integrity of communication.

Answer 7

Key exchange

Question 8

Is a branch of public key cryptography that relies on the algebraic structure of elliptic curves over finite fields to provide security functions. It is widely used for secure communication, digital signatures, and encryption.

Answer 8

Elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC)

Question 9

Is a property of a public key system in which a key derived from another key is not compromised, even if the originating key is compromised in the future.

Answer 9

Perfect forward secrecy (PFS)

Question 10

Is the use of quantum computing hardware to perform encryption and decryption processes.

Answer 10

Quantum Cryptography

Question 11

Are cryptographic keys that are used only once after generation.

Answer 11

Ephemeral keys

Question 12

In symmetric or block encryption, there is a need to deal with multiple blocks of identical data to prevent multiple blocks of ciphertext that would identify the blocks of identical input data. There are multiple methods of dealing with this. The basic premise is to use some source of entropy before encrypting subsequent blocks so that identical blocks of plaintext produce differing blocks of ciphertext. These modes can be broken into three groups: authenticated, unauthenticated, and counter.

Answer 12

Modes of operation

Question 13

Is a form of encryption designed to provide both confidentiality and authenticity services.

Answer 13

Authenticated

Question 14

is a cryptographic process where data is encrypted to ensure its confidentiality but lacks mechanisms for verifying the integrity or authenticity of the encrypted data.

Answer 14

Unauthenticated

Question 15

Is a block cipher mode of operation used in symmetric encryption algorithms to provide confidentiality for data. It transforms a block cipher into a stream cipher, allowing encryption of plaintext data of arbitrary length. Is widely used in various cryptographic applications due to its simplicity, efficiency, and parallelizability.

Answer 15

Counter

Question 16

Are lists of records, where each addition to the list is done by a cryptographic algorithm.

Answer 16

Blockchains

Question 17

Are distributed and decentralized databases that store a continuously growing list of records, called blocks, which are linked and secured using cryptographic techniques. These ledgers are publicly accessible and transparent, allowing anyone to view, verify, and audit the transactions recorded on the blockchain.

Answer 17

Public ledgers

Question 18

A set of algorithms used together in cryptography.

Answer 18

Cipher suites

Question 19

Operate on streams of data instead of blocks. A _________ cipher encrypts plaintext one byte at a time.

Answer 19

Stream ciphers

Question 20

Operate on input data in a series of blocks. A _____________ cipher encrypts plaintext one block at a time.

Answer 20

Block ciphers

Question 21

__________________ tends to be faster, is less computationally involved, and is better for bulk transfers. But it suffers from a key management problem in that keys must be protected from authorized parties. Uses one key, and it is faster but less secure.

Answer 21

Symmetric encryption

Question 22

__________________ resolve the key secrecy issue with public keys, but they add significant computational complexity, which makes them less suited for bulk encryption. Uses two keys, and it is slower but more secure.

Answer 22

Asymmetric encryption

Question 23

Is a specialized suite of cryptographic algorithms designed to operate in a resource-constrained environment.

Answer 23

Lightweight cryptography

Question 24

Is the practice of concealing secret information within non-secret data in such a way that the existence of the hidden information is not apparent to observers.

Answer 24

Steganography

Question 25

Is a set of algorithms that allows operations to be conducted on encrypted data, without decrypting and re-encrypting.

Answer 25

Homomorphic encryption