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bio 30 > 27-29 > Flashcards

27-29 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

5 conditions of hardy weinberg

A
  • population is large enough that it won’t alter allele frequency
  • mates are randomly chosen
  • no net mutations
  • no migration
  • no natural selection against any phenotypes
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2
Q

gene flow

A

movement of alleles from one population to another due to migration of individuals

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3
Q

non random mating

A

individuals choose to mate based on their physical/behavioural traits

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4
Q

random mating

A

no way to know which male-female will mate with which male-female

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5
Q

genetic drift

A

change in allele frequencies due to chance events in a small population

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6
Q

what happens when a genetic drift happens

A

a certain allele can get wiped out

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7
Q

founder effect

A

gene pool change that occurs when a few individuals start a new isolated population

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8
Q

bottleneck effect

A

gene pool change that results a rapid population decrease

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9
Q

give some examples that causes a bottleneck effect

A

starvation, disease, natural disasters

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10
Q

what are the outcomes of a bottleneck effect

A

survivors only have a limited amount of ppl to breed with which decreases genetic diversity

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11
Q

natural selection

A

leads directly to evolutionary adaptation

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12
Q

heterozygote advantage

A

alleles that are related to genetic health conditions that will give organism an advantage

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13
Q

population density and equation variables

A

number of individuals (N) in a given area (A) or volume (V)

D = N/A or D = N/V

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14
Q

3 types of distribution patterns

A

random distribution, clumped distribution, uniform distribution

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15
Q

random distribution

A

resources are abundant and organisms don’t have to fight for survival

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16
Q

clumped distribution

A

members of a population are found close together in various groups within the habitat

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17
Q

uniform distribution

A

individuals are evenly spaced over a defined area

18
Q

population growth

A

how much and how fast a population size grows

19
Q

4 processes that change the size of a population and the outcomes

A
  • births (b) and immigration (i) increase population size

- deaths (d) and emigration (e) decrease population size

20
Q

equation for population size

A

change in population size (N) = (b+i) - (d+e)

21
Q

population explosion

A

a big increase in population size (invasive species)

22
Q

population crash

A

rapid decline in population size

23
Q

growth rate equation

A

used to measure increases/decreases in population size overtime
gr= N/t

24
Q

per capita growth rate (cgr)

A

compare populations of the same species that are different sizes or live in different habitats
cgr = change in number of individuals/ original number of individuals

25
Q

biotic potential

A

highest possible per capita growth rate for a population

26
Q

factors that determine biotic potential

A
  • number of offspring per reproductive cycle
  • number of offspring that survive to reproduce
  • age of reproductive maturity and number of times it can reproduce in its life
  • life span of the individuals
27
Q

exponential growth pattern

A

a population that’s growing at its biotic potential (on a graph it’s J shaped)

28
Q

carry capacity and symbol

A

K, the theoretical maximum population size that the environment can sustain overtime

29
Q

two factors that limit carrying capacity

A

density dependent factors and density independent factors

30
Q

density dependent factors and example

A

biotic (predator and prey), limits population depending on size (smaller pops. don’t have to worry a lot about predators)

31
Q

density independent factors

A

abiotic, forest fires and droughts, limit the size of population no matter the size

32
Q

environmental resistance

A

combined effects of various interacting limiting factors

33
Q

r-selected strategies

A

produce a lot of offspring but have a short lifespan

34
Q

K-selected strategies

A

fewer offspring, live for a long time and offspring are cared for

35
Q

intraspecific competition

A

competition for limited resources among members of the same species

36
Q

interspecific competition

A

competition between two or more populations for limited resources

37
Q

protective coloration

A

a physical natural defense mechanism

38
Q

3 symbiotic relationships

A

mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

39
Q

mutualism

A

when both partners benefit from the relationship

40
Q

commensalism

A

one partner benefits and the other is neutral

41
Q

parasitism

A

one partner, the parasite, benefits off the host

42
Q

succession

A

sequences of invasion and replacement of species in an ecosystem overtime

bio 30 (3 decks)

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