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21-24 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

function and organs/glands or central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord, integrates and processes info

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2
Q

function and glands/organs of peripheral nervous system

A

nerves, carried sensory messages to and from CNS to muscles and body glands

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3
Q

what is the PNS divided into and it’s functions

A

somatic nervous system - voluntary, sensory receptors that carry information to CNS and nerves that carry instructions from CNS to skeletal muscles
autonomic nervous system - involuntary, controls glandular secretions and functioning of the smooth and cardiac muscles

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4
Q

what is the autonomic system divided into

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

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5
Q

what two cells are the nervous system composed of and their functions

A

neurons - basic structural/functional units of the nervous system
glial cells - nourish the neurons, removes their waste, and defends against infection, support the framework for nervous system tissue

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6
Q

what are the 3 main types of neurons and their functions

A

sensory input - “sensory neurons” gather info from sensory receptors and transmits then to CNS
integration - “interneurons” link between sensory and motor neurons, process and integrate incoming sensory info and relay motor info
motor output - “motor neurons” transmit info from CNS to muscles, glands, organs

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7
Q

what is a reflex arc and use withdrawal reflex as an example

A

reflex arc - simple connections of neurons that explain reflexive behaviour
withdrawal reflexes - pressure on skin from needle - sensory info carried to spinal cord - interneurons signal motor neurons to pull hand

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8
Q

dendrites

A

branching terminals from cell body that receive nerve impulses

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9
Q

cell body of a neuron

A

contains nucleus and is the site of cells metabolic reaction and processes dendrite input

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10
Q

axon

A

conducts impulses away from cell body

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11
Q

what is the axon enclosed in and its function

A

myelin sheath - protects myelinated neurons and spores the rate of nerve impulse transmission

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12
Q

what is the resting membrane potential in a neuron

A

potential difference across the membrane of a resting neuron -70 mV, it is more negative on the inside than it is on the outside environment

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13
Q

polarization and it’s steps

A

maintaining a resting neuron

  • (-70mV) is resting more Na ions are outside than K ions on inside making inside negative
  • sodium potassium pump transports 3Na ions from inside to outside, 2K ions outside to inside
  • creating balance, and stable -70mV
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14
Q

action potential/depolarization and its steps

A
  • membrane potential raised to -55mV
  • sodium voltage gated channels open, Na ions move from outside to inside
  • potential turns to -90mV (hyper polarization)
  • returns to -70mV
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15
Q

what is refractory period

A

membrane can’t undergo another action potential

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16
Q

saltatory conduction

A

action potential in myelinated neurons where it’s jumps from one node of ranvier to another

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17
Q

synapse

A

connection between two neurons or a neuron and an effector

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18
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

synapse between a motor neurons and muscle cell

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19
Q

neurotransmitters

A

carry out the neural signal from one neuron to another

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20
Q

steps of synapse

A
  • action potential arrives at axon terminal of presynaptic terminal
  • neurotransmitters get released into synaptic cleft
  • neuro. diffuse into postsynaptic neuron and binds to receptor cause Na to enter and depolarizes
  • action potential happens and cycle restarts
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21
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters

A

receptor proteins will trigger ion channels that open to allow positive ions (Na) to enter creating slight depolarization

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22
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

receptors will open up to potassium (K) ions cresting negative potential and hyper-polarization

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23
Q

grey matter

A

composed of unmyelinated neurons found on the outside areas of brain and H shaped core of spinal

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24
Q

white matter

A

contains myelinated axons in the inner areas of brain and outer area of spinal

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25
Q

functions of the spinal cord

A

vital communication link between brain and peripheral nervous system, primary reflex centre

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26
Q

3 regions of the brain

A

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

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27
Q

structures of the hindbrain

A

cerebellum- unconscious coordination of posture, reflexes and body movement, voluntary motor skills
medulla oblongata - controls automatic, involuntary responses(heart rate, rate and depth of breathing, swallowing)
pons - relay centre between neurons of right and left halves of cerebrum, cerebellum and rest of brain

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28
Q

structures of midbrain

A

relays visual and auditory information between areas of the hindbrain and forebrain, roles in eye movement and skeletal muscles

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29
Q

structures of forebrain

A

thalamus - provide connections between various parts of brain
hypothalamus- regulate body’s internal environment and behaviour
cerebrum - centres for intellect, memory, consciousness, and language, interprets and controls response to sensory info

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30
Q

meninges

A

three layers of though, elastic tissue within the skull and spinal column enclosed around brain and spinal cord

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31
Q

blood drain barrier

A

meninges separating blood and CNS

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32
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

circulating throughout the spaces or ventricles with the brain and spinal cord to transport hormones, white blood cells and nutrients

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33
Q

cerebral cortex

A

each half of the cerebrum of white matter and outer covering of grey matter

34
Q

corpus callosum and function

A

bundle of white matter in each cerebral hemisphere and sends messages from one to the other

35
Q

division of cerebral cortex

A

frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital

36
Q

occipital lobe

A

receive and analyze visual information, recognition of what is being seen.

37
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory reception, understanding speech and retrieving visual and verbal memories

38
Q

parietal lobe

A

receive and process sensory information from the skin, help process info about body’s position and orientation

39
Q

frontal lobe

A

integrate information from other parts of the brain and control reasoning, critical thinking, memory, personality’s, Broca’s area (speech), primary motor area

40
Q

broca’s area

A

on the left side of the cerebral cortex that coordinates muscles for speaking and translates into speech

41
Q

wernickes area

A

on the left side of the brain that stores information involved in language comprehension

42
Q

difference between somatic and autonomic system

A

somatic - voluntary control, sensory neurons carry info and motor neurons carry info to muscles
autonomic - involuntary control, stimulate or inhibit the glands, cardiac, smooth muscles

43
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

activated in stressful situations “fight or flight”

44
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

body is calm and at rest, acts to restore and conserve energy “rest and digest”

45
Q

a neurotransmitter for sympathetic and parasympathetic system

A

symp. norepinephrine

para. acetylcholine

46
Q

sensory receptors

A

nerve endings and cells that detect information

47
Q

sensory adaptation

A

the brain filters out redundant, insignificant information

48
Q

4 human sensory receptors

A

photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors

49
Q

photoreceptors

A

stimulated by light energy, eyes have rods and cones that absorb light and allow us to sense colour

50
Q

chemoreceptors

A

stimulated by certain chemicals, the tongue has taste buds that detect particles

51
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

respond to mechanical forces from some form of pressure, the skin that allow us to feel

52
Q

thermoreceptors

A

skin can detect heat and cold

53
Q

the 3 layers of the eye

A

external, intermediate, internal

54
Q

structure of external layer

A

white, tough, fibrous layer called sclera

cornea - where the light enters

55
Q

structure of intermediate layer

A

choroid - absorbs stray light rays that are not detected by photoreceptors
iris - regulates amount of light to enter
pupil - opening for light to enter inner eye

56
Q

structure of internal layer

A

retina - thin layer of tissues that contains photoreceptors

photoreceptors

57
Q

two types of photoreceptors

A

rods - sensitive to light intensity (brightness)

cones - sensitive to colour

58
Q

optic nerve

A

rods and cones send sensory impulses to the brain

59
Q

aqueous humour

A

in anterior chamber, clear watery fluid that maintains shape of the cornea and provides oxygen and nutrients

60
Q

how is glaucoma caused

A

if the aqueous humour doesn’t get drained and there is a buildup cause the blood vessels to rupture and eye cells deteriorate

61
Q

vitreous humour

A

in posterior chamber, lead jelly like fluid that helps maintain shape and supports surrounding cells

62
Q

what happens to an image when it focuses in the eyes

A

image is turned upside down, smaller and reversed from left to right

63
Q

what happens to the lens when an object is far away

A

ciliary muscles relax and suspending ligaments become taught, lens flattens

64
Q

what happens when to lens when the object is closer

A

ciliary muscles contract, dispensary ligaments relax, lens is rounded

65
Q

astigmatism and what glasses do you need

A

due to an uneven curvature of part of the cornea, fixed with unevenly cut glasses

66
Q

myopia and how it’s fixed

A

people who have difficulty seeing far away, the eyeball is elongated and the light focuses i from of the retina instead of photoreceptors, fixed with concave lens

67
Q

hyperopia and how it’s fixed

A

farsightedness, can see far but not close, eyeball is shortened, fixed with convex lens

68
Q

where a rods found in the eyes

A

spread throughout the retina

69
Q

where are cones found

A

packed most densely at the fovea centralis at the back and centre of the retina

70
Q

describe how cones and rods relay info

A
  • when light stimulates they stop releasing an inhibitory neurotransmitter
  • numeral impulse passes through to ganglion cells
  • axons of ganglion form optic nerve
  • optic nerve fibres transmit visual images to occipital lobe
71
Q

blind spot

A

in between where ganglion cells meet to form optic nerve, does not contain photoreceptors and doesn’t detect light

72
Q

describe the steps in which light travels to the brain to form images

A
  • retina ends info to optic nerve
  • received by the thalamus
  • travels to the occipital lobe of cerebral cortex for interpretation
73
Q

binocular vision

A

humans use both eyes to look at and collect visual information about an object

74
Q

sound waves

A

auditory system detects movements of small fluctuations in air pressure

75
Q

3 parts of the ear

A

outer, middle and inner

76
Q

outer ear and it’s structures

A

pinna - outside flash of ear, enhances sound vibrations and focusses them
auditory canal - tube that leads to eardrums, amplified sound waves making sounds louder

77
Q

middle ear and structures

A

tympanum (eardrum) - vibrates in response to sound waves

ossicles - 3 bones that amplify the vibrations

78
Q

inner ear and structures

A

oval window - opening in the wall of inner ear, amplify even more
semicircular canals/vestibules - sensors for balance
cochlea - used for hearing

79
Q

how does sound in the cochlea relay to the brain

A
  • stapes hits the oval window and creates pressure waves in the fluid of cochlea
  • basilar membrane move up and down
  • stereocilia of hair cells bend against tectorial membrane
  • hair cells synapse with nerve fibres of auditory nerve relay message to nerves
80
Q

describe rotational equilibrium

A
  • in semicircular canals at the base, sterocilia in a capula move when head rotates
  • the hair cells send rotational info to brain
81
Q

describe gravitational equilibrium

A
  • utricle and succulent contain otoliths that lie in a capula over hair cells
  • head dips and pulls otoliths
  • puts pressure on hair cells cause then to send neural impulses to brain indicating position

bio 30 (3 decks)

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