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21-24 Flashcards

1
Q

function and organs/glands or central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord, integrates and processes info

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2
Q

function and glands/organs of peripheral nervous system

A

nerves, carried sensory messages to and from CNS to muscles and body glands

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3
Q

what is the PNS divided into and it’s functions

A

somatic nervous system - voluntary, sensory receptors that carry information to CNS and nerves that carry instructions from CNS to skeletal muscles
autonomic nervous system - involuntary, controls glandular secretions and functioning of the smooth and cardiac muscles

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4
Q

what is the autonomic system divided into

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

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5
Q

what two cells are the nervous system composed of and their functions

A

neurons - basic structural/functional units of the nervous system
glial cells - nourish the neurons, removes their waste, and defends against infection, support the framework for nervous system tissue

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6
Q

what are the 3 main types of neurons and their functions

A

sensory input - “sensory neurons” gather info from sensory receptors and transmits then to CNS
integration - “interneurons” link between sensory and motor neurons, process and integrate incoming sensory info and relay motor info
motor output - “motor neurons” transmit info from CNS to muscles, glands, organs

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7
Q

what is a reflex arc and use withdrawal reflex as an example

A

reflex arc - simple connections of neurons that explain reflexive behaviour
withdrawal reflexes - pressure on skin from needle - sensory info carried to spinal cord - interneurons signal motor neurons to pull hand

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8
Q

dendrites

A

branching terminals from cell body that receive nerve impulses

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9
Q

cell body of a neuron

A

contains nucleus and is the site of cells metabolic reaction and processes dendrite input

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10
Q

axon

A

conducts impulses away from cell body

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11
Q

what is the axon enclosed in and its function

A

myelin sheath - protects myelinated neurons and spores the rate of nerve impulse transmission

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12
Q

what is the resting membrane potential in a neuron

A

potential difference across the membrane of a resting neuron -70 mV, it is more negative on the inside than it is on the outside environment

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13
Q

polarization and it’s steps

A

maintaining a resting neuron

  • (-70mV) is resting more Na ions are outside than K ions on inside making inside negative
  • sodium potassium pump transports 3Na ions from inside to outside, 2K ions outside to inside
  • creating balance, and stable -70mV
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14
Q

action potential/depolarization and its steps

A
  • membrane potential raised to -55mV
  • sodium voltage gated channels open, Na ions move from outside to inside
  • potential turns to -90mV (hyper polarization)
  • returns to -70mV
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15
Q

what is refractory period

A

membrane can’t undergo another action potential

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16
Q

saltatory conduction

A

action potential in myelinated neurons where it’s jumps from one node of ranvier to another

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17
Q

synapse

A

connection between two neurons or a neuron and an effector

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18
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

synapse between a motor neurons and muscle cell

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19
Q

neurotransmitters

A

carry out the neural signal from one neuron to another

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20
Q

steps of synapse

A
  • action potential arrives at axon terminal of presynaptic terminal
  • neurotransmitters get released into synaptic cleft
  • neuro. diffuse into postsynaptic neuron and binds to receptor cause Na to enter and depolarizes
  • action potential happens and cycle restarts
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21
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters

A

receptor proteins will trigger ion channels that open to allow positive ions (Na) to enter creating slight depolarization

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22
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

receptors will open up to potassium (K) ions cresting negative potential and hyper-polarization

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23
Q

grey matter

A

composed of unmyelinated neurons found on the outside areas of brain and H shaped core of spinal

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24
Q

white matter

A

contains myelinated axons in the inner areas of brain and outer area of spinal

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25
functions of the spinal cord
vital communication link between brain and peripheral nervous system, primary reflex centre
26
3 regions of the brain
hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
27
structures of the hindbrain
cerebellum- unconscious coordination of posture, reflexes and body movement, voluntary motor skills medulla oblongata - controls automatic, involuntary responses(heart rate, rate and depth of breathing, swallowing) pons - relay centre between neurons of right and left halves of cerebrum, cerebellum and rest of brain
28
structures of midbrain
relays visual and auditory information between areas of the hindbrain and forebrain, roles in eye movement and skeletal muscles
29
structures of forebrain
thalamus - provide connections between various parts of brain hypothalamus- regulate body’s internal environment and behaviour cerebrum - centres for intellect, memory, consciousness, and language, interprets and controls response to sensory info
30
meninges
three layers of though, elastic tissue within the skull and spinal column enclosed around brain and spinal cord
31
blood drain barrier
meninges separating blood and CNS
32
cerebrospinal fluid
circulating throughout the spaces or ventricles with the brain and spinal cord to transport hormones, white blood cells and nutrients
33
cerebral cortex
each half of the cerebrum of white matter and outer covering of grey matter
34
corpus callosum and function
bundle of white matter in each cerebral hemisphere and sends messages from one to the other
35
division of cerebral cortex
frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital
36
occipital lobe
receive and analyze visual information, recognition of what is being seen.
37
temporal lobe
auditory reception, understanding speech and retrieving visual and verbal memories
38
parietal lobe
receive and process sensory information from the skin, help process info about body’s position and orientation
39
frontal lobe
integrate information from other parts of the brain and control reasoning, critical thinking, memory, personality’s, Broca’s area (speech), primary motor area
40
broca’s area
on the left side of the cerebral cortex that coordinates muscles for speaking and translates into speech
41
wernickes area
on the left side of the brain that stores information involved in language comprehension
42
difference between somatic and autonomic system
somatic - voluntary control, sensory neurons carry info and motor neurons carry info to muscles autonomic - involuntary control, stimulate or inhibit the glands, cardiac, smooth muscles
43
sympathetic nervous system
activated in stressful situations “fight or flight”
44
parasympathetic nervous system
body is calm and at rest, acts to restore and conserve energy “rest and digest”
45
a neurotransmitter for sympathetic and parasympathetic system
symp. norepinephrine | para. acetylcholine
46
sensory receptors
nerve endings and cells that detect information
47
sensory adaptation
the brain filters out redundant, insignificant information
48
4 human sensory receptors
photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors
49
photoreceptors
stimulated by light energy, eyes have rods and cones that absorb light and allow us to sense colour
50
chemoreceptors
stimulated by certain chemicals, the tongue has taste buds that detect particles
51
mechanoreceptors
respond to mechanical forces from some form of pressure, the skin that allow us to feel
52
thermoreceptors
skin can detect heat and cold
53
the 3 layers of the eye
external, intermediate, internal
54
structure of external layer
white, tough, fibrous layer called sclera | cornea - where the light enters
55
structure of intermediate layer
choroid - absorbs stray light rays that are not detected by photoreceptors iris - regulates amount of light to enter pupil - opening for light to enter inner eye
56
structure of internal layer
retina - thin layer of tissues that contains photoreceptors | photoreceptors
57
two types of photoreceptors
rods - sensitive to light intensity (brightness) | cones - sensitive to colour
58
optic nerve
rods and cones send sensory impulses to the brain
59
aqueous humour
in anterior chamber, clear watery fluid that maintains shape of the cornea and provides oxygen and nutrients
60
how is glaucoma caused
if the aqueous humour doesn’t get drained and there is a buildup cause the blood vessels to rupture and eye cells deteriorate
61
vitreous humour
in posterior chamber, lead jelly like fluid that helps maintain shape and supports surrounding cells
62
what happens to an image when it focuses in the eyes
image is turned upside down, smaller and reversed from left to right
63
what happens to the lens when an object is far away
ciliary muscles relax and suspending ligaments become taught, lens flattens
64
what happens when to lens when the object is closer
ciliary muscles contract, dispensary ligaments relax, lens is rounded
65
astigmatism and what glasses do you need
due to an uneven curvature of part of the cornea, fixed with unevenly cut glasses
66
myopia and how it’s fixed
people who have difficulty seeing far away, the eyeball is elongated and the light focuses i from of the retina instead of photoreceptors, fixed with concave lens
67
hyperopia and how it’s fixed
farsightedness, can see far but not close, eyeball is shortened, fixed with convex lens
68
where a rods found in the eyes
spread throughout the retina
69
where are cones found
packed most densely at the fovea centralis at the back and centre of the retina
70
describe how cones and rods relay info
- when light stimulates they stop releasing an inhibitory neurotransmitter - numeral impulse passes through to ganglion cells - axons of ganglion form optic nerve - optic nerve fibres transmit visual images to occipital lobe
71
blind spot
in between where ganglion cells meet to form optic nerve, does not contain photoreceptors and doesn’t detect light
72
describe the steps in which light travels to the brain to form images
- retina ends info to optic nerve - received by the thalamus - travels to the occipital lobe of cerebral cortex for interpretation
73
binocular vision
humans use both eyes to look at and collect visual information about an object
74
sound waves
auditory system detects movements of small fluctuations in air pressure
75
3 parts of the ear
outer, middle and inner
76
outer ear and it’s structures
pinna - outside flash of ear, enhances sound vibrations and focusses them auditory canal - tube that leads to eardrums, amplified sound waves making sounds louder
77
middle ear and structures
tympanum (eardrum) - vibrates in response to sound waves | ossicles - 3 bones that amplify the vibrations
78
inner ear and structures
oval window - opening in the wall of inner ear, amplify even more semicircular canals/vestibules - sensors for balance cochlea - used for hearing
79
how does sound in the cochlea relay to the brain
- stapes hits the oval window and creates pressure waves in the fluid of cochlea - basilar membrane move up and down - stereocilia of hair cells bend against tectorial membrane - hair cells synapse with nerve fibres of auditory nerve relay message to nerves
80
describe rotational equilibrium
- in semicircular canals at the base, sterocilia in a capula move when head rotates - the hair cells send rotational info to brain
81
describe gravitational equilibrium
- utricle and succulent contain otoliths that lie in a capula over hair cells - head dips and pulls otoliths - puts pressure on hair cells cause then to send neural impulses to brain indicating position

bio 30 (3 decks)

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