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Year 5. BM4009 > 26. Satellite cells > Flashcards

26. Satellite cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is true about skeletal muscle cells?

A

Many nuclei- mitotically inactive- cannto divide

Highly active

Habe a high degree of plasticity (due to satellitte cells!)

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2
Q

How is skeletal muscle formed (embryology)

A

Mesodermal stem cells

Determined myoblasts

(removal of growth factors)

Differentiated myotubes (muscle fibres)

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3
Q

What transcription factors are released during terminal differentiation

A

Myogenin
MyoD
Myf5
MRF4

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4
Q

Discuss embryonic myogenesis

A

Mytome dervied myoblasts migrate into limb buds

Proliferatrion and initiation

Fusion to form skeletal muscle

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5
Q

Discuss the members of the myogenic family

What do they do?

A

MyoD, Myf 5, myogenin

regulate myogensis, convert one cell into a muscle cell

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6
Q

What is basic helix loop helix proteins

A

Bind to DNA sequence that activate muscle gene promotors

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7
Q

What is a dimer?

A

Not quite sure

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8
Q

How can BHLH be modulated?

A

Growth factors cause phosphorylatation to inactivate them.

Hence why removal of growth factors cause promotion

Growth factors can also restrict dimer formation to abolish myogenic regulators being active

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9
Q

Overall sum up the regulation of myogenesis

A

Mesodermal stem cell

Myogenic BHLH factors are expressed and are autoregualated and stimulate expression of muscle structural genes

Myogenic factors increase MEF2 (regulatory factor)

This also increases proliferation of muscle structure genes

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10
Q

How did removal of myodein D affect muscle differentation

How did removal of MyF5 affect muscle differentation

How did removal of myodein D and MyF5 affect differentiation

A

Muscle normal

Muscle normal

No muscle present

No myofibres

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11
Q

What is commitment

A

Muscle fibre cells can move to a new cell location and still maintain its original fate.

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12
Q

Where are satellite cells located?

A

Between the basal lamina and the muscle fibre

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13
Q

What is meant by quiescence?

A

Rest. Satellite cells sit in quiescence allowing them to be metabolically inactive but not dead.

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14
Q

How are satellite cells formed?

A

Progression of pre-cursor cells

Determination (quiescence)

Proliferation (re-activation)

Differentiation

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15
Q

How do satellite cells become quiescent?

A

Put aside after myogenesis

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16
Q

How is Pax7 related for satellite cells?

A

Essential for creating satellite cells.

Rudnicki’s theroy that if stem cells have pax-7 activtaed upon them that they will form satellite cells

17
Q

When are myogenic regulatory factors expressed?

(Quiescent)

(Activated)

(Differentiation)

(Fusion of myotube)

(Activation of myofiber)

A

Quiescent- CD34, Pax7, Myf5

Activated- CD34, Pax7, Myf5, MyoD

Differentiation- Myf5,MyoD, Myogenin

Fusion of myotube- Myf5,MyoD, Myogenin

Maturation of myofiber- Myogenin

18
Q

How does IGF affect satellite cells?

A

Increases proliferation in activaed satellite cells

IGF promotes differentiation in the prescence of Mef2 and other late MRF’s

19
Q

How is satellite number affecetd in elderly and muscle dytrophies

A

Reduced

20
Q

How can satellite cells affect muscles?

A

Change metabolic conditions

Repair in microtrauma to increase strength (everyday change)

21
Q

How do satellite cells repair skeletal muscle?

A

Infilatrate gap via inflammatory mediators

satellite cells differnetiate and fse to existing myotubes to join up to each other

Small number of satellite cells go back to quiescence and refill the satellite pool

22
Q

What is required to maintain the process of repair?

A

Balance between Pax and MRF’s to determine if satellite cells proliferate or initiate terminal differentiation

23
Q

How is protein related to muscle hypertrophy

A

Protein synthesis increases and protein degredation decreases

24
Q

Why do myotubes have multiple nuclei?

A

Too big to be controlled by one nucleus

Need multiple nuclei for protein synthesis

25
Q

How are satellite cells affected in the elderly?

A

Falls off first in large fibres

Cytoplasmic atrophy

Returns to small fibres

Year 5. BM4009 (15 decks)

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