Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

GIT > 26 Feb 24 > Flashcards

26 Feb 24 Flashcards

1
Q

Common laxatives that give melanosis coli

A

Anthraquinone (senna) laxative abuse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Normal crying span in infants

A

Intermittent consolable <3hr/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Colic

A

🔹>-3hr/day (usually evening) , >-3days /week
🔹Healthy infant age <3months
🔹peaks at 6weeks
🔹resolves by age 3-4mo

Dx of exclusion

Ttt:
📣Reassure
📣Review soothing techniuqes; pacifier , holding rocking swaddling minimize external stimuli
📣Use swings , carriers , strollers
(To rest from active soothing)
📣Upright feeding (reduces aerophagia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Causes of crying in Young infants

A

🔕Colic
🔕GERD :
▪️Freq spit up.
▪️Back arching after feeding

🔕Infection
AOM
Meningitis
Septic arthritis
UTI

🔕Intussusception
▪️Episodic irritability with legs drawn to abd
▪️Bilious emesis , bloodys tools

🔕Torsion

🔕Trauma
▪️Hair torniquet ; hair wrapped around digit
▪️Corneal abrasion : tearing , photophobia , fluorescein testing
▪️Abuse/ fracture : bruising, Laceration , asymmetric movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome Etiology

A

📣Personal or Family History of Migraine

📣Episodes often have Identifiable trigger (infection, Stress)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome S/S

A

Stereotypical Vomiting episodes
🔹acute onset of Nausea , abd pain , headache , vomiting
🔹 self - limited , lasting 1-2days

Between Episodes
🔹 usually A/S
🔹 often Regular Intervals (2-4weeks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cyclical Vomiting Ttt

A

Abortive : Triptans

Supportives : Antiemetics , Rehydration

Most children have gradual resolution during adolescence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the high risk features for foreign body ?

A

📣Pt has respiratory or Obstructive symptoms
📣Object is a button battery
📣Magnet
📣Sharp item

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How to proceed with ingested Foreign Body

A

👁‍🗨PA / Lateral Xrays
(CT scan if object not visible on Xray)

👁‍🗨High risk features ➡️ do endoscopy

👁‍🗨. No high Risk features
⬇️
Serial Xrays (4-6hr)
↙️. ↘️
No transit : Object moving
Endoscopic removal Distally:
No intervention

👁‍🗨if S/S of abd pain / GI bleed develop or if magnets do not progress in the GIT , surgical removal is indicated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Button battery ingestion

A

Button batteries create external current that leads to tissue Corrosion.
Leaking Alkaline battery solution causes Liquefactive Necrosis of surrounding mucosa.
Pressure Necrosis can also occur bcz of local inflammation and ischemia.

Prolonged impaction results in ulceration and perforation ,hemmorrhagic shock and death.
Fever , hematemesis and shock are signs of life threatening perforation.

Ttt: ▪️Emergency endoscopic removal
▪️Honey soon after ingestion in AS pts
▪️Delay increases risk for complications

     ▪️Barium Esophagography is done months after to see stricture formation in pts with severe injury.  (Avoid contrast in acute managemnet)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Fish Bone lodged in Esophagus.

A

Sharp objects (needles , pins , fish bone ) can lead to perforation and symptoms
Severe Acutely worsening Chest/abd pain
Vomiting with or w/o blood
Hemodynamic Instability.

Dx : Xray ( to see for signs organ perforation)
CT scan
Most fish bones are Radiolucent and seen only On CT.

🟤avoid induced emesis in case of FB aspiration , as it can cause esophageal damage and is not recommended.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Splenic Laceration dx and ttt

A

〰️dx: Follow table for BAT.

Ttt:
🟤Blunt splenic injury: Non operative management
Serial Hb measurement
Embolization

🟤Continuous hemodynamic Instability :
Do exploratory laporotomy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Elderly with iron def and FOBT negative

A

Do colonoscopy and endoscopy

 A single negative FOBT is not sufficient to exclude occult GI bleed  Esp if no other obvious source of chronic blood loss is identified.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Lactation Failure Jaundice pathophys and CF

A

Age < 1 week
Insufficient intake of breast milk
⬇️ Bilirubin Elimination
⬆️ enterohepatic Circulation

CF :
Suboptimal BF
Signs of dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Breast Milk Jaundice Pathophys and CF

A

Age > 1weeks (peaks at 2w)
⬆️beta Glucoronidase in breast milk
🔘 inc deconjugation of intestinal bilirubin
🔘 inc Enterohepatic circulation

CF :
▪️Adequate BF
▪️Well hydrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Common Causes of Unconjugated Bilirubinemia in infants in first week

A

Physiologic Jaundice
Lactation failure jaundice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Lactation Failure Jaundice. ETIOLOGY

A

RF :
Exclusive BF
Ineffective latch

Mech:
Normally With freq breast feed (2-3hr) maternal milk production increases by Day 5.
Inadequate breast milk intake develops with infrequent feeding (every 4hrs) and delayed milk production (milk production increased around day 6).

The dec milk intake leads to delayed stooling (dec bilirubin elimination) and increased Enterohepatic Circulation of Unconjugated bilirubin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Detailed CF of Lactation Failure jaundice.

A

📣First week of life
📣Jaundice (from UC bili) and signs of dehydration.
📣dec number of wet diapers.
📣 delayed transition from meconium to freq yellow stools )
📣 excessive weight loss >- 10% from birth weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ttt of lactation Failure jaindice

A

🔺BF every 2-3 hrs (improves bilirubin elimination)

🔺Monitor every 1-2 days.

🔺Continued signs of dehydration and rising bilirubin levels give Formula supplement and /or phototherapy

🔺 severe dehydration is ttt inpatient with IV fluids

20
Q

Retroperitoneal hematoma CF and Dx

A

Back pain
Use of Anticoagulants
Signs of hemodynamic compromise

Dx : do CT scan

21
Q

Atraumatic splenic Rupture. RF

A

⚫️Hematologic Cancers (Leukemia , lymphoma)
⚫️Infections (CMV , EBV , Malaria)
⚫️Inflammatory Dx (SLE, Pancreatitis)
⚫️Splenic Congestion. (Cirrhosis, Pregnancy)
⚫️Medications (anticoagulation, G-CSF)

22
Q

CF of Atraumatic Splenic Rupture

A

🟤Diffuse or LUQ abd pain , peritonitis
🟤Referred Lt shoulder pain (Kehr sign)
🟤Hemodynamic Instability

23
Q

Dx of splenic Rupture

A

➿Acute anemia
➿Intraperitoneal free fluid on imaging

24
Q

Ttt of splenic Rupture

A

🔺Catheter based Angioembolization
(Stable patients)

🔺Emergency splenectomy (unstable pts)

25
Atraumatic splenic Rupture etiology
Splenic Capsule Stretches due to Infection or Malignancy. Patients may have SS of fever , pharyngitis , LAD. Splenic Rupture can occur even if spleen is not Palpable initially. Activities that inc risk of Rupture (Contact sports) are avoided 3-4 weeks from the time of initial dx.
26
Splenic Abscess RF
Recent abd surgery (Complication as a result of distant infection- Infective Endocarditis , Cholecystitis) HIV Hematologic malignancy DM
27
CF of splenic abscess
🔻Fever 🔻Tender splenomegaly 🔻LUQ pain radiating to back (with or without splenomegaly) 🔻Anorexia 🔻Weight loss 🔻Leukocytosis with Leftward shift 🔻Elevated left hemidiaphragm(left pleural effusion)
28
Dx of splenic abscess
CT scan of abdomen AB Splenectomy (many pts fail percutaneous aspiration due to occult microabscesses)
29
Indications for Rotavaccine
Age 2-6Mo (Live attenuated vaccine)
30
Contraindications to Rotavaccine
🔶Allergy to vaccine ingredients 🔶SCID 🔶HO intussuception
31
Shingles vs Postherpetic neuralgia
Shingles: 🔻Reactivation if VZV in DRG 🔻Pain (may precede rash) 🔻Vesicular rash in dermatomal dist 🔻Ttt: Antivirals Post herpetic neuralgia : 🔺A complication if shingles 🔺Persistent hypersensitivity of afferent pain fibres leading to chronic pain 🔺Can be prevented by use of antivirals during shingles 🔺Ttt: Gabapantin
32
Splenic Infarction RF
🔺Thrombosis due to Hypercoagulable state (cancer , SLE , Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome) 🔻Embolism due to Afib , endocarditis , atheroma 🔺Hemoglobinopathy (Sickle Cell dx)
33
Splenic Infarction CF and Dx
CF: Acute pain and tenderness in LUQ Fever , Nausea Splenomegaly Leukocytosis Signs of Lupus; longstanding joint pain , thrombocytopenia , young age Dx : CT scan abd ANA Antiphospholipid AB Echo(for vegetations)
34
Polyarteritis Nodosa Pathophys
Segmental Transmural Inflmmation of medium sized arteries leading to luminal narrowing , thrombosis , organ ischemia. 🚺 corelation with underlying hepatitis B/C (immune complexes) 🚺 Fibrinoid Necrosis of arterial wall➡️luminal wall narrowing ➡️ tissue ischemia 🚺 Internal/External elastic Lamina damage ➡️ Microaneurysm Formation ➡️ Rupture and bleeding. 🎵luminal narrowing dec Blood flow and inc risk of thrombosis hence pts with PAN present with SS of Tissue Ischemia or infarction.
35
CF of polyarteritis Nodosa
👁‍🗨Fever, Weight loss , Malaise 👁‍🗨SKIN : Nodules , Livedo Reticularis , Ulcers , purpura 👁‍🗨RENAL: Hypertension , Renal insuff , arterial aneurysms 👁‍🗨NERVOUS: Headaches , seizures , mononeuritis multiplex 👁‍🗨GIT : mesenteric Ischemia/infarction 👁‍🗨MUSCULOSKELETAL. : myalgias, arthritis
36
Dx of Polyarteritis Nodosa
🔴Negative ANCA and ANA 🔴Angiography: Microanuerysms and segmental/distal narrowing 🔴Tissue biopsy : nongranulomatous transmural inflammation
37
Mesenteric Ischemia in Polyarteritis Nodosa
Signs of Mesenteric ischemia Microaneuryms Irregular aterial constrictions Dx : mesenteric Angio
38
Cystic Fibrosis Newborn screening
Newborn screening identifies only the most common CFTR mutations. So consider CF in infants with 🔹Failure to thrive 🔹Recurrent Resp SS (freq coughing, cough with BL rhonchi) Regardless of screening results. Outcomes: Steatorrhea Vitamin Def ADEK Poor weight gain
39
Pt has A/S femoral hernia
Refer for elective Hernia repair ( due to risk for incarceration as contents pass thru narrow orifice) Inguinal hernia have low risk for incarceration and strangulation as contents pass thru wide orifice. Hence ressurance and watchful waiting is recomm.
40
Post op abd wounds types
Superficial Wound Dehiscence: ▪️Separation of skin and subcut tissue with intact Rectus Fascia. ▪️Develop in first post op week ▪️Cause is Abnormal Subcut fluid buildup (seroma) ▪️Managed conservatively with careful dressing changes Deep (fascial) wound dehiscence with evisceration; 🔕Non intact rectus fascia 🔕Exposure of intra abd organs to external env. 🔕1-2 weeks post op upto 30days. 🔕Emergency surgery due to risk of incerceration.
41
Woman with inguinal bulge and signs if SBO
Femoral hernia Incarceration occurs when hernia contents become trapped within hernia sac causing SBO. Reduced venous outflow eventually leads to ischemia and necrosis (strangulation).
42
Perforated Peptic Ulcer
Dx : Xray (CT scan in case if Xray are negative and perforation is suspected) Surgical consult IV PPIs and BS antibiotics Fluid resuscitation and NG suction Emerigency surgery
43
Epithelial Ovarian CA CF
🟤Acute : SOB, obstipation/constipation with vomiting , abd distension 🟤Subacute: Pelvic / Abd pain , Bloating , early staiety A/S adenexal mass 🔺onset of constipation at an older age (age >- 50y) post menopausal esp accompanied by earky satiety or pain (sign of CA)
44
Dx of epithelial ovarian CA
Inc Ca 125 USG: Solid mass Thick sepatations Ascites
45
Ttt of Epithelial ovarian CA
Exploratory Laporotomy

GIT (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions