2.6 Explain the security implications of embedded and specialized systems. Flashcards

1
Q

Embedded System

A

Hardware or Software designed for a specific function
Or to operate as a part of a larger system
- Built with only a task in mind\
- Can be optimized for size/cost
- low-cost and purpose-built
Examples: Traffic controllers
digital watches
medical imaging system

Pros:
low cost

Cons:
Limits in communication options
upgradability limits
limited or missing features
Ther may not be a direct power source ( batteries)
Low power CPUs (cost and heat considerations)
Wireless is a limiting factor.
Cryptography options are limited.
Upgrade options are limited.
Security is an after thought
Range- usually does just one thing well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

SoC

A

System on a Chip - Multiple components running on a single chip
Common with embedded systems

example - raspberry pi

It is very flexible, and you can customize the software
Small form factor
Cache memory, flash memory
usually lower power consumption

Difficult to upgrade hardware
limited off-shelf security options

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

FPGA

A

Field programmable gate array
common type of hardware you will find on embedded systems
An integrated circuit that can be configured after manufacturing
- Array of logic blocks
- Programmed in the field
A problem does not require a hardware replacement
a software update can reprogram the FPGA

Can add new capabilities via software

Common in infrastructure:
firewall logic
routers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

SCADA

A

Supervisory control and Data Acquisition System
- Large Scale, Multi-site industrial control system (ICS)
- Commonly found in places where there are a large amount of industrial equipment.
- PC manages equipment
- Distributed Control systems
- requires extensive segmentation, no access from outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

IoT

A

Internet of things
Smart devices
- Sensors like heating and cooling
- Smart devices like home automation and doorbells.
- Wearable technology
- Facility automation
- Weak default security settings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe some Specialized embedded systems

A

Medical devices - heart monitors , insulin pumps, often using older OS
Vehicles - internal networks often accessible from mobile networks.
Control internal electronics
Aircraft - Dos could damage the aircraft, an outage would be problematic
Smart meters - Measure power and water usage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

VoIP

A

Voice over IP
instead of the analog phone line to the POTS(Plain old telephone service)
It is a relatively complex embedded system but really important
Each device is a computer
- separate boot process
- individual configurations
- different capabilities and functionalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

HVAC

A

Heating, ventilation, and Air conditioning system
- Thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Complex science
- must be integrated into the fire system

PC manages equipment
- makes cooling and heating decisions for workspaces and data centers

Traditional not built with security in mind.
- difficult to recover from and infrastructure Dos.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Drones

A

Flying Vehicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

RTOS

A

Real time operating system
OS designed to work on a deterministic processing schedule
- no time to wait for other processes
- industrial equipment, automobiles, military environments
extremely sensitive to security issues
- non-trivial systems
need to always be available
difficult to know what type of security is in place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Surveillance systems

A

Video/Audo surveillance
- embedded systems in the cameras and monitoring stations
Secure the security systems
- restrict access from others
- Prevent a denial of service

Physically difficult to replace cameras
- Accessible independently over the network
- May allow for firmware upgrades.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

5G

A

fifth generation cellular networking
- launched in 2020 worldwide

Significant performance improvements
- at higher frequcnies
- Eventually 10 gigabits per second
- slow speeds from 100-900 Mbit/s

Significant impact to IoT
- Bandwidth becomes less of a constraint
-larger data transfers
- faster monitoring and notification
- additional cloud processing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

SIM

A

subscriber identity value
A universal integrated circuit card

Used to provide information to the cellular network provider(used in IoT devices as well as phones)
- phones, tablets, embedded systems

Contains module details
- IMSI ( international module subscriber identity)
- Authentication information, contact information

Important to manage
- many embedded systems, many SIM cards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Narrowband

A

Narrowband-IoT (NB-IoT) is a type of baseband radio that has limited data rates between 20 to 100 Kilobits per second (Kbps). This is more suitable for inaccessible locations that require signal penetrating power.

If the embedded device is not using the cellular network to communicate, then it may be using frequencies over a narrowband connection.
Communicates over a narrow range of frequencies.
- over a longer distance
- conserve the frequency of use

Many IoT devices can communicate offer a large distance
- SCADA equipment
- Sensors in oil fields

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Baseband

A

General a single cable with a digital signal can be fiber or copper

Utilization is either 0% or 100%
Bidirectional comm
Ethernet standard
- 100base-tx, 1000base-t, 10gbase-t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Zigbee

A

Internet of Things networking
- open standard -EEE 802.15.4 PAN
Alternative to WIFI and Bluetooth
- longer distances than Bluetooth
- less power consumption than wifi

Mesh network of all Zigbee devices in your home
- Light switch communicate to light bulbs
- Tell Amazon Echo to lock the door

Uses the ISM Band
- 900MHz and 2.4GHz frequencies in the USA

17
Q

LTE-M

A

LTE Machine Type Communication (LTE-M) is a type of baseband radio that supports cellular network bandwidth of up to 1 Megabit per second (Mbps).

18
Q

Logistic SCADA

A

Logistics SCADA systems are used to control automated transport and lift systems plus sensors for component tracking. This would be prominent in a factory or distribution warehouse.

19
Q

Energy SCADA

A

Energy SCADA systems would control and automate power generation and distribution. General utilities would also include water/sewage and transportation networks.

20
Q

Manufacturing SCADA

A

Manufacturing supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems would control automated production systems, such as forges, mills, and assembly lines.

21
Q

Facilities SCADA

A

Facilities SCADA systems would control site and building management systems. These operate automated heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC), lighting, and security systems.

22
Q

IaC

A

Infrastructure as Code (IaC) is the process of managing data centers through automated means.

23
Q

SIEM

A

A Security Information and Event Manager (SIEM) collects, analyzes and manages information from multiple sources to provide a centralized method of security.

24
Q

SRTP

A

Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP) is the secure version of Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP), a network protocol used for transport of voice and video data. SRTP provides confidentiality for the actual call data.

25
Q

SIPS

A

Session Initiation Protocol Secure (SIPS) is the encrypted version of Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), a session control protocol used to establish, manage, and disestablish communications sessions. SIPS protects session data and end-user devices

26
Q

PBX

A

PBX is a private telephone network that is used by a business or company. PBX users can communicate internally and externally through various channels of communication including Voice through IP.

27
Q

QOS

A

Quality of Service (QOS) refers to data traffic management technology that reduces network packet loss, jitter and latency.

28
Q

Arduino

A

Arduino is an example of a SoC board that was initially devised as an educational tool. It is now widely used for industrial application and hacking.

29
Q

Raspberry Pi

A

Raspberry Pi is an example of a System on Chip (SoC) board that was initially devised as an educational tool. It is now widely used for industrial application and hacking.