2.6: CNS and Neuroanatomy

Question 1

CNS is divided into

Answer 1

Brain - cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem
Spinal chord

Question 2

PNS is composed of

Answer 2

Nerves (cranial, spinal and peripheral)
Ganglia -cell bodies outside of CNS

Question 3

PNS can be split into

Answer 3

Somatic - what you can feel
Autonomic

Question 4

The brain is composed of (in foetal development)

Answer 4

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

Question 5

The forebrain is divided into the

Answer 5

Cerebral hemisphere
Diencephalon

Question 6

The diencephalon is divided into the (foetal development)

Answer 6

Thalamus
Hypothalamus

Question 7

The hindbrain is divided into
(foetal development)

Answer 7

Pons
Medulla
Cerebellum

Question 8

The brainstem is composed of (adult brain)

Answer 8

Pons
Medulla
Midbrain

Question 9

Cerebrum / cerebral cortex

Answer 9

outer layer of brain - consists of grey matter- 70% hidden in sulci
4 lobes

Question 10

Grey matter

Answer 10

Unmyelinated cell bodies of neurons and 10x glial cells

Question 11

Inner layers of the brain consist of

Answer 11

white matter

Question 12

White matter

Answer 12

myelinated neuronal axons which form tracts
tracts help deliver information to and from cerebral cortex

Question 13

lies in the anterior cranial fossa

Answer 13

frontal lobe of cerebral hemisphere

Question 14

lies in the middle cranial fossa

Answer 14

temporal lobe of cerebral hemisphere

Question 15

lies in the posterior cranial fossa

Answer 15

cerebellum

Question 16

lies directly above the body of the sphenoid bone

Answer 16

hypothalamus

Question 17

passes through the foramen magnum

Answer 17

medulla

Question 18

Frontal lobe is responsible for

Answer 18

Motor function
language
cognitive function (planning, attention and memory)

Question 19

Parietal lobe is responsible for

Answer 19

Sensation (touch, pain)
sensory aspect of language
orientation
self-perception

Question 20

Temporal lobe is responsible for

Answer 20

Processing auditory information

Question 21

Occipital lobe is responsible for

Answer 21

Processing visual information

Question 22

Arterial supply to the brain

Answer 22

internal carotid arteries
vertebral arteries

• form circle of willis

Question 23

Limbic lobe

Answer 23

Amygdala
Hippocampus
Mamillary body
Cingulate gyrus

Question 24

Main functions of limbic lobe

Answer 24

Memory
Emotion
Motivation
Reward
Learning

Question 25

Insular cortex

Answer 25

located deep within lateral fissue

Question 26

Functions of insular cortex

Answer 26

Visceral sensations, Visual-Vestibular integration
Autonomic control, Auditory processing
Interoception

Question 27

Layers of the head

Answer 27

SCALP
S- skin
C- connective tissue
A- aponeurosis
L- loose areolar connective tissue
P- periosteum

Question 28

3 layers of meninges

Answer 28

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

Question 29

Dura mater

Answer 29

Thick, protective. Made of periosteal and meningeal layer

Outermost periosteal layer is adherent to bone, innermost meningeal layer part adherent to arachnoid mater
Space in between parts forms venous sinuses

Question 30

Arachnoid mater

Answer 30

Thin, transparent, membrane attached to underside of dura

Question 31

subarachnoid space

Answer 31

space between arachnoid mater and pia mater containing CSF

Question 32

Pia mater

Answer 32

delicate membrane closely adherent to brain and spinal chord

Question 33

Epidural haemorrhage CT

Answer 33

venticles not visible
gyri and sulci not visible
due to high compression in skull
between periosteal layer of dura and skull

Question 34

Subdural haemorrhage CT

Answer 34

Ventricles visible
gyri and sulci visible
blood less dense - venous bleed in subarachnoid space

Question 35

Layers of spinal meningeal system

Answer 35

meningeal dura
arachnoid mater
pia mater

Question 36

CSF

Answer 36

occupies subarachnoid space, ventricular system and central canal of spinal cord

Question 37

What cells produce CSF

Answer 37

ependymal cells in choroid plexus of ventricles

500ml made per day
~150ml flows in at any given time

Question 38

Where is CSF reabsorbed

Answer 38

via arachnoid villi (granulations) in superior sagittal sinus

Question 39

Ventricular system of brain
(superior to inferior)

Answer 39

lateral ventricles
interventricular foramen
3rd ventricle
cerebral aqueduct - connects 3rd to 4th ventricle
4th ventricle
central canal

Question 40

CNS flow

Answer 40

Lateral ventricles
3rd ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
4th ventricle
subarachnoid space via lateral and median foramen
venous sinus via arachnoid villi

Question 41

CSF vs blood

Answer 41

CSF has fewer cells, proteins and potassium ions
Lower pH and less glucose

Question 42

Function of CSF

Answer 42

shock absorbing
waste removal
supplies neurones with nutrients

Question 43

what connects the right and left cerebral hemisphere

Answer 43

corpus collosum

Question 44

Spinal cord

Answer 44

segments :
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

each segment gives a pair of nerves that emerge through intervertebral foramina
nerves C1-7 emerge above respective vertebrae and from 8th nerve emerge from below vertebrae

Question 45

2 enlargements in spinal cord

Answer 45

cervical enlargement - provides innervation of upper limb
lumbar enlargement - innervation of lower limb