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BRS 2: Neurology & Neuroscience > 2.2: Cells of the nervous system & neuromuscular junction > Flashcards

2.2: Cells of the nervous system & neuromuscular junction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the telencephalon also known as?

A

Cerebral hemisphere

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2
Q

What are the ridges on the telencephalon called?

A

Gyri

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3
Q

What are the valleys on the telencephalon called?

A

Sulci

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4
Q

4 lobes of the cerebral hemisphere

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

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5
Q

Function of the frontal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere

A

Responsible for executive functions such as personality

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6
Q

Function of the parietal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere

A

Contains the somatic sensory cortex responsible for processing tactile information

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7
Q

Function of the temporal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere

A

Contains important structures (hippocampus - short term memory, amygdala -behaviour, Wernickes area- auditory perception and speech)

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8
Q

Function of occipital lobe of cerebral hemisphere

A

Processing of visual information

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9
Q

3 main structures of brain stem in descending order

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

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10
Q

Location and function of brain stem

A

Dorsal region of CNS
role in motor coordination, balance and posture

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11
Q

4 morphologies of neurons

A

Unipolar
Pseudo-unipolar
Bipolar
Multipolar ( pyramidal, purkinje, Golgi cells)

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12
Q

Define soma

A

Cell body

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13
Q

Most abundant cell type in CNS

A

Astrocyte

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14
Q

Morphology of unipolar neurons

A

1 axonal projection

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15
Q

Morphology of pseudo-unipolar neurons

A

Single axonal projection that divides into two

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16
Q

Morphology of bipolar neurons

A

2 projections from cell body

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17
Q

Morphology of multipolar neurons

A

Numerous projections from cell body

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18
Q

Morphology of pyramidal cells

A

‘Pyramidal’ shaped cell body

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19
Q

Where are purkinje cells and Golgi cells found

A

They are GABA neurons found in cerebellum

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20
Q

What are the functions of Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

A

Myelin producing cells

21
Q

What is the difference between Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

A

O - work in CNS
S - work in PNS

O- capable of myelinating a number of axons
S- only myelinated a single axon segment

22
Q

microglial cell

A

Performs immune functions in CNS
act as macrophages in CNS

23
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Epithelial cells (that line fluid-filled ventricles) regulating production and movement of CSF

24
Q

Resting membrane potential of neurones

A

Around -70mV

25
If membrane potential is too negative, cell is said to be
Hyperpolarised
26
If membrane potential becomes more positive what is the cell said to be
Depolarised
27
4 ions controlling resting membrane potential
K+ Na+ Cl- Ca2+
28
What are the relative concentrations of RMP ions extracellularly compared to intracellularly
Higher Na+ Higher Cl- Lower K+ Higher Ca2+ (High concentration. Gradient)
29
Explain how ions are involved in generating an action potential
Influx of Na+ via voltage gated sodium ion channels (VGSC) leads to further depolarisation
30
Explain how the ions are involved in the restoration of RMP
Voltage gated potassium ion channels open at slower rate, leading to effluent of K+ from cell which repolarises the membrane
31
How is the Na+/K+ ATPase involved in restoring the ion gradients
At rest - Na+ enters, phosphorylated, ions are transported through the protein against conc. gradient Active configuration - Na+ removed from cell and K+ enters against conc. gradient. The pump returns to rest and K+ transported back into cell
32
Process by which AP spreads along axon
Cable transmission
33
What is saltatory conduction
AP “jumps” between nodes to get to pre-synaptic terminal faster
34
Function of myelin in speed of conduction
Prevents action potential spreading It has a high resistance and low capacitance
35
What are the nodes of ranvier
Gaps of no myelin intermittently along the axon
36
What happens when the action potential reaches the synapse?
AP opens V gated Ca2+ channels at pre-synaptic terminal Ca2+ influx, down conc. gradient causing exocytosis of vesicles containing neurotransmitter Neurotransmitter released into synaptic cleft Binds to receptors on post-synaptic membrane Enzymes break down neurotransmitter to be uptaken again by pre-synaptic cleft / recycled by transporter proteins
37
How does an action potential travel across a neuromuscular junction.
Action potential propagated along axon (Na+ and K+) → Ca2+ entry at presynaptic terminal Ca2+ entry → ACh release into synapse ACh binds to nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChR) on skeletal muscle → change in end-plate potential (EPP) Miniature EPP: Quantal ACh release AP travels through T-tubules that are continuous with sarcolemma & closely connected to sarcoplasmic reticulum
38
Where is the sarcoplasmic reticulum in relation to myofibrils
Surrounding myofibrils (contractile units of muscle)
39
What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and what effect does it have?
Ca2+ storage —> Ca2+ release following sarcolemma depolarisation Ca2+ —> myofibrils and muscle contraction
40
What is myasthenia gravis and what does it cause
Autoimmune disorder - antibodies directed against ACH receptor Causes fatigable weakness
41
Astrocytes
structural cells play important role in cell repair, synapse formation, neuronal maturation and plasticity
42
Graded potential
Membrane potential change that is not an action potential - produce initial change in membrane potential, can initiate or prevent action potentials
43
Neuromuscular junction
Specialised structure incorporating axon terminal and muscle membrane, allowing unidirectional communication between peripheral nerve & muscle
44
Communication across neuromuscular junction
Paracrine : neurotransmitter released
45
Sacrolemma
skeletal muscle membrane : nAChR activation -> depolarisation -> AP t tubules : continuous with sarcolemma, closely connected to sarcoplasmic reticulum AP travels through T tubules
46
3 neuromuscular junction disorders
Botulism Myasthenia Gravis (MG) Lambert-Eaton myastenic syndrome (LEMS)
47
Botulism
BTx : irreversible disrupts stimulation-induced Ach release from pre-synaptic nerve terminal
48
Lambert-Eaton myastenic syndrome (LEMS)
Autoimmune disorder - antibodies directed against VGCC

BRS 2: Neurology & Neuroscience (8 decks)

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