26: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China Flashcards
Selim III
Sultan who ruled Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807; aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy; toppled Janissaries in 1807.
ayan
The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule.
Mahmud II
Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; formed revolution of Janissaries in 1807.
Tanzimat reforms
Series of reforms in Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style university, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876.
Abdul Hamid
Ottoman sultan who attempted to reform to despotic absolutism during reign from 1878 to 1908; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties; deposed in coup in 1908.
Ottoman Society for Union and Progress
Organization of political agitators in opposition to rule of Abdul Harmid; also called “Young Turks”; desired to restore 1876 constitution.
Murad
Head of the coalition of Mamluk rulers in Egypt; Napoleonic invasion of Egypt and suffered devastating defeat; failure destroyed Mamluk government in Egypt and revealed vulnerability of Muslim core.
Ali, Muhammad
Won power struggle in Egypt following fall of Mamluks; established mastery of all Egypt by 1811; introduced effective army based on Western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms; by 1830’s was able to challenge Ottoman government in Constantinople; died in 1848.
khedives
Descendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867; formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952.
Suez Canal
Built across Isthmus of Suez to connect Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea in 1869; financed by European investors; with increasing indebtedness of khedives, permitted intervention of British into Egyptian politics to protect their investment.
al-Afghani
Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology; recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry.
Abduah, Muhammad
Disciple of al-Afghani; Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology; recognized importance of tradition of ration inquiry.
Ahmad Arabi
Egyptian military officer who led a revolt against Turkic dominance in the army in 1882, which forced the Khedival regime to call in British forces for support.
Khartoum
River town that was administrative center of Egyptian authority in Sudan.
Ahmad, Muhammad
Head of a Sudanic Sufi brotherhood; claimed descent from prophet Muhammad; proclaimed both Egyptians and British as infidels; launched revolt to purge Islam of impurities; took Khartoum in 1883; also known as the Mahdi.
Mahdi
In Sufi belief system, a promised deliverer; also name given to Muhammad Ahmad, leader of the late 19th-century revolt against Egyptians and British in the Sudan.
Abdallahi, Khalifa
Successor of Muhammad Ahmad as leader of Mahdists in Sudan; established state in Sudan; defeated by British General Kitchener in 1598.
Nurhaci
Architect of Manchu unity; created distinctive Manchu banner armies;controlled most of Manchuria; adopted Chinese bureaucracy and most ceremonies in Manchuria; entered China and successfully captured Ming capital at Beijing.
banner armies
Eight armies of the Manchu tribes identified by separate flags; created by Nurhaci in early 17th century; utilized to defeat Ming emperor and establish Qing dynasty.
Qing
Manchu dynasty that seized control of China in mid-17th century after decline of Ming; forced submission of nomadic peoples far to the west and compelled tribute from Vietnam and Burma to the south.
Kangxi
Confucian scholar and Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722; established high degree of Sinification among the Manchus.
compradors
Wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty; specialized in the import-export trade on China’s south coast; on the major links between China and the outside world.
Opium War
Fought between the British and Qing China beginning in 1839; fought to protect British trade in opium; resulted in resounding British victory, opening of Hong Kong as British port of trade.
Lin Zexu
Distinguished Chinese official charged with stamping out opium trade in southern China; ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium; sent into exile following the Opium War.
