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biology module 2- foundations in biology > 2.6 cell division, diversity and cellular organisation > Flashcards

2.6 cell division, diversity and cellular organisation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the stages of the cell cycle are

A

mitosis, cytokinesis, interphase

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2
Q

many cells in multicellular tissues don’t have the ability to

A

divide

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3
Q

during interphase, cells are

A

between dividing

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4
Q

during mitosis, cells are

A

dividing and moving to opposite poles of the cell

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5
Q

during cytokinesis, cells are

A

splitting in two

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6
Q

the stages of interphase are

A

G1, S, G2

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7
Q

G1 is known as the

A

growth phase

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8
Q

the purpose of G1 is to

A

prepare the cell for mitosis

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9
Q

3 things that happen during G1 are…

A
  1. organelles duplicate
  2. cell grows in size
  3. proteins needed for mitosis are made
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10
Q

S phase is also known as the

A

synthesis phase

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11
Q

the purpose of S phase is to

A

replicate DNA so that there are 2 sets for the new cells

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12
Q

by the end of S phase, all chromosomes

A

have been replicated

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13
Q

during S phase, all - are replicated

A

DNA strands

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14
Q

the purpose of G2 phase is to

A

check that the cell is ready for mitosis

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15
Q

what happens in G2 phase

A

organelles such as mitochondria and lysosomes divide

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16
Q

meiosis is used to create

A

haploid cells

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17
Q

meiosis occurs in

A

two divisions

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18
Q

diploid cells have - pairs of chromosomes

A

23

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19
Q

haploid cells can be called

A

gametes

20
Q

why do gametes have to be haploid?

A

so that they have the right number of chromosomes when they grow alongside another gamete in sexual reproduction

21
Q

meiosis occurs

A

after interphase

22
Q

what happens in meiosis 1?

A

homologous pairs of chromosomes are separated

23
Q

what happens in meiosis 2?

A

sister chromatids from each chromosome are separated

24
Q

meiosis creates - - gametes which are - -

A

4 haploid, genetically different

25
Q

what are the stages in meiosis 1

A

prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1

26
Q

prophase 1 is the first…

A

stage in meiosis overall

27
Q

during prophase 1, chromosomes

A

supercoil to condense, making them visible

28
Q

during prophase 1, the nuclear envelope

A

breaks down

29
Q

during prophase 1, spindle fibres

A

form from centrioles

30
Q

4 things that happen during prophase 1

A
  1. chromosomes supercoil
  2. nuclear envelope breaks down
  3. spindle fires form from centrioles
  4. chromosomes undergo crossing over
31
Q

when does crossing over occur?

A

during prophase 1

32
Q

crossing over is the…

A

exchange of DNA between chromatids on homologous chromosomes

33
Q

the stages of crossing over are

A
  1. twisting
  2. breaking off
  3. swapping
34
Q

crossing over allows

A

variation in alleles

35
Q

the key purpose of metaphase 1 is to

A

line up chromosomes at the equator of the cell

36
Q

independent assortment occurs during

A

metaphase

37
Q

independent assortment is how

A

homologous chromosomes are arranged

38
Q

independent assortment creates

A

more genetic variation

39
Q

3 things that happen in metaphase 1 are

A
  1. attachment of chromosomes to spindle fibres at the centromere
  2. chromosomes lie with their homologous pair at the equator
  3. independent assortment
40
Q

how do chromosomes attach to spindle fibres

A

at the centromeres

41
Q

spindle fibres are constructed from

A

centrioles in animals, cytoplasm in plants

42
Q

the purpose of anaphase 1 is

A

to separate homologous chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell

43
Q

in anaphase 1, chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles by

A

spindle fibres and motor proteins

44
Q

the purpose of telophase 1 is to

A

reform two new nuclear envelopes

45
Q

which type of cell undergoes cytokinesis after telophase 1

A

animal cells

46
Q

do plant cells undergo cytokinesis after telophase 1

A

no

biology module 2- foundations in biology (6 decks)

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