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Biology AS > 2.6 Cell Division > Flashcards

2.6 Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of cytoplasm → 2 new daughter cell

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2
Q

interphase

A

phase when cell isnt diving

subdivided into growth/ synthesis phases

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3
Q

mitosis

A

type of nuclear division

produces genetically identical daughter cells to parent cell

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4
Q

stages in mitosis

A
  1. PROPHASE
    - nuclear envelope breaks
    - chromosomes becomes visible as condenses
    ( consisted of 2 chromatids)
    - centrioles move to poles, causes microtubules to form spindle
  2. METAPHASE
    - chromosome line up at equator of spindle, attached to centromere

3.ANAPHASE
- centromere of each pair of chromatid split
- chromatid, pulled apart by microtubules, to opposite poles, centromere first
( –> chromosome)

  1. TELOPHASE
    - nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes
    - separated chromosome reaches poles of spindles, uncoils
    - cell contains 2 nuclei( same to parents)
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5
Q

stages in mitosis

A
  1. PROPHASE
    - nuclear envelope breaks
    - chromosomes becomes visible as condenses
    ( consisted of 2 chromatids)
    - centrioles move to poles, causes microtubules to form spindle
  2. METAPHASE
    - chromosome line up at equator of spindle, attached to centromere

3.ANAPHASE
- centromere of each pair of chromatid split
- chromatid, pulled apart by microtubules, to opposite poles, centromere first
( –> chromosome)

  1. TELOPHASE
    - nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes
    - separated chromosome reaches poles of spindles, uncoils
    - cell contains 2 nuclei( same to parents)
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6
Q

meiosis 1

A

Prophase 1
- nuclear envelope breaks
- chromosomes becomes visible as condenses
( consisted of 2 chromatids)
- centrioles move to poles, causes microtubules to form spindle
- chromosome comes together in their homologous chromosome form a bivalent
- Crossing over of non-sister chromatic - causes chiasmata to form
→ shuffles allels

Metaphase I 
- Bivalent moves to equator of spindles
    - Attached to spindle by centromere
- independent assortment of chromosomes
→ random assortment of maternal/ paternal chromosome

Anaphase I
- homologous chromosome are separated back to chromosome, and moved to opposite poles by motor protein

Telophase I

  • Nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosome and uncoils
  • Spindles fibers starts breaks
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7
Q

meiosis 2

A

Prophase 2

  • Nuclear envelope breaks
  • Chromosomes coils and condenses
    • have 2 chromatids, not identical (bc crossing over in prophase 1)
  • Spindles form

Metaphase 2
- Chromosome align along equator of spindle
- Attached centromere
- independent assortment of chromatids
→ random assortment of chromatids
→ further distribution of genetic material

Anaphase 2
- Centromere divide
- Chromatids of each chromosome are pulled apart toward opposite poles
  	→chromatids segregation
- Spindles fibber shorten

Telophase 2

  • Nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosome
  • Chromosome uncoils
  • Spindles fibber break down
  • animal: 2 cell divide → 4 haploid cells
  • plant: a tetra of 4 haploid cells
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8
Q

why sexual reproduction involve meosis

A
  • 2 gamate nuclei are going to fuse
  • to maintain normal(46) chromosome number, chromosome no in gamates must be halved
  • fusion of 2 haploid(n) cell nuclei produces a diploid(2n) nucleus
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9
Q

describe how meiosis produces genetic variation in gametes

A
  • shuffling allele (crossing over in prophase 1)
  • independent assortment of chromosomes in metaphase/anaphase 1
  • independent assortment of chromatids in metaphase/anaphase 2.
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10
Q

describe how fertilisation produces genetic variation in gametes

A

The resulting zygote will contain genetic material from two unrelated individuals.

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11
Q

genetic variation good

A

individual more adapted to change in environment
population survive and
drive evolution

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12
Q

stage of meiosis chromosome no halved

A

Telophase 1/end of meiosis 1.

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13
Q

product of meiosis

A
  1. Four haploid nuclei (cells) that are genetically different from each other and from the parent cell.
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14
Q

stages in cell cycle that DNA replication occurs

A

interphase, S phase

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15
Q

significance of complementary base pairing during DNA replication

A

A-T
G-C
ensures proper base incorporated DNA strand
thus making identical copies of DNA strand

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16
Q

meiosis and fertilization give rise to genetic variation

A
  1. random arrangement of bivalents/ pair of chromosome
    maternal, paternal chromosome could go to either pole

crossing over
exchange of material between homologous chromosomes/ non-sister chromatids

segregation of alleles in meiosis
combination of alleles are broken up

random fertilization
many possible combination of male and female gamtes

17
Q

exchange of segments of chromatids by breaking and rejoining

A

crossing over ( prophase)

18
Q

centrioles

A
  • a pair of organelle in animal cells

- build microtubules to form spindle

19
Q

cell cycle

A

interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

20
Q

asexual

A

reproduction no gametes, fertilisation

21
Q

zygote

A

produced by fusion of 2 gametes

22
Q

mitosis

A

nuclear division produces 2 daughter cell genetically similar to each other/ parent cell

23
Q

centromere

A
  • where 2 chromatids are held

- where microtubules of spindle attach during cell division

24
Q

chromatids

A

1 of 2 identical part of chromosome

25
Q

mutation

A

a random change in

  • sequence of nucleotides in DNA
  • structure and no of chromosome
26
Q

metaphase

A
  • chromosome line up at equator of spindle, attached to centromere
27
Q

diploid cells

A

cell has 2 complete sets of chromosome

28
Q

homologous chromosome

A
  • matching chromosome w/ same gene ( may have different alleles) at the same loci
  • pair together to form a bivalent during prophase 1
29
Q

allele

A

varieties of gene

30
Q

haploid cell

A

cell with one set of chromosome

31
Q

Centrosome

A

area of the cell cytoplasm where the centriole is

32
Q

purpose of mitosis

A
  • growth
  • repair of tissues
  • replacement of cells
  • asexual reproduction
33
Q

why sexual reproduction involves meiosis

A
  • in sexual reproduction, 2 gametes nuclei are going to fuse
  • chromosome no in gametes must be halved to maintain normal chromosome no
  • fusion of 2 haploid(n) cell nuclei produces a diploid (2n) nucleus
34
Q

meiosis –> genetic variation in gametes

A
  • shuffle of alleles during crossing over in prophase 1
  • independent assortment of chromosome in metaphase/ anaphase 1
  • independent assortment of chromatids in metaphase/ anaphase1
35
Q

stage in meiosis that no of chromosome halve

A

Telophase 1

36
Q

product of meiosis

A

Four haploid nuclei (cells) that are genetically different from each other and from the parent cell.

37
Q

homologous chromosome

A

matching chromosomes, containing the same genes at the loci. has different genes for some allels

Biology AS (6 decks)

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