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Fundamentals > 25 Fluid, electrolye, and acid-base balance > Flashcards

25 Fluid, electrolye, and acid-base balance Flashcards

1
Q

A constant _____ between bicarbonate and carbonic acid; bicarbonate acts as a b______ to neutralize excess acid in the body and maintain balance

A

balance; buffer

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2
Q

Produce acid during any type of (m)____

A

metabolism

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3
Q

Anytime carbonic acid goes up, bicarb should ___; what’s the ratio

A

go up; 20:1 bicarb to carbonic

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4
Q

Isotonic equal what’s in the cell and

A

what’s out of the cell

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5
Q

why are infants more at risk for dehydration; elderly

A

they are mostly water, kidney function has not as efficient as adults- doesn’t reabsorb fluid; kidney function, thirst mechanism has decreased, ADH has decreased (that holds the water in)

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6
Q

COPD more at risk for what type of acid-base imbalance: respiratory or metabolic

A

respitory- they are not breathing adequately, they are holding in CO2

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7
Q

severe diarrhea and lost bicarb, they would be metabolic or respiratory acidosis or alkalosis

A

metabolic acidosis

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8
Q

normal potassium level; hypokalemia; hyperkalemia

A

3.5-5; <3.5; >5

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9
Q

aldosterone regulates this electrolyte; secreted by which glands

A

potassium; adrenal

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10
Q

hyperkalemia causes more or less K+ to be excreted in the urine

A

more

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11
Q

main way K+ is excreted from body; other ways K+ can be lost

A

urine; excess vomiting and diarrhea

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12
Q

K+ is intracellular or extracellular; important for _____ transmission and _____ contraction; Helps maintain normal ______ rhythm; essential element in ____ potentials (nerve conduction and muscle contractility)

A

intracellular; nerve transmission and muscle contraction; heart rhythm; action potentials (or impulses)

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13
Q

hypokalemia will cause decreased excitability in cells, and hyperkalemia will cause _____ excitability in cells

A

increased

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14
Q

Hyperaldosteronism causes high or low K+ levels; why

A

low; aldosterone increases the amount of K+ that is excreted in the urine

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15
Q

Disorder of this organ can cause hypokalemia

A

kidney

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16
Q

Dehydration my cause hyper or hypovolemia

A

hypovolemia (decreased volume of plasma)

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17
Q

Hypervolemia inhibits (3)

A

ADH release, Aldosterone release, thirst

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18
Q

Inhibition of ADH and Aldosterone release contributes to

A

Increased urination of dilute urine

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19
Q

Hypovolemia stimulates (3)

A

thirst, ADH release, Aldosterone release

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20
Q

Release of ADH and aldosterone contribute to

A

decreased urination of concentrated urine

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21
Q

for every positive cation there is an; why

A

negatively charged anion; to maintain balance

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22
Q

fluid moves from compartment to compartment in the body trying to maintain this; why

A

homeostasis; balancing the anions and cations so there is electrical neutrality

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23
Q

disturbances in homeostasis upset the normal balance of

A

electrolytes

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24
Q

major source of electrolytes comes from

A

diet

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25
Q

amino acids (proteins), glucose, and fatty acids are these

A

products of metabolism/ nonelectrolytes

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26
Q

Do the products of metabolism, amino acids, glucose and fatty acids remain bound together when dissolved or break apart

A

remain bound

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27
Q

In a healthy individual (who is eating normally) the nonelectrolytes are doing what

A

circulating the body and remaining stable

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28
Q

Any condition that alters body fluid and volume also alters the ____ volume, and can affect (b)____ (p)____ and (c)_____

A

blood; blood pressure, circulation

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29
Q

plama proteins and colloids contribute to (p)____ (c)_____ (o)_____ (p)______; which heps keep fluid in the (v)______ (c)______

A

plasma colloid osmotic pressure; vascular compartment

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30
Q

Body fluids are either ______ or ______

A

intracellular or extracellular

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31
Q

Types of extracellular fluid (i____, i____, t_____)

A

intravascular, interstitial, and transcellular

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32
Q

What happens when fluid shifts from the plasma in the vascular space out to the interstitial space

A

blood volume drops and dehydration (removal of water from a tissue), and hypovolemia (decreased volume of plasma) may occur

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33
Q

thirst mechanism located

A

hypothalamus

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34
Q

Urine output is affected by several hormones- 3 in particular; which the posterior pituitary gland secretes this one

A

ADH, ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide), and aldosterone; ADH

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35
Q

When would more ADH be secreted

A

when circulating blood volume is decreased, the blood becomes more concentrated, or the person is experiencing pain, nausea or stress

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36
Q

When would more ADH be secreted; what do the kidney tubules do

A

when circulating blood volume is decreased, the blood becomes more concentrated, or the person is experiencing pain, nausea, or stress; reabsorb more water

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37
Q

What releases aldosterone and when; aldosterone is released how; causes reabsorption of what; which pressure is being used and why

A

the adrenal cortex, when ECF volume is low or when sodium concentration is decreased; stimulation by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; sodium by kidney tubules; osmotic gradient by which more water is retained

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38
Q

ANP- released from sites where; what is the main function to protect

A

myocardium and the brain; protect the body from fluid overload

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39
Q

When intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid are equal the solution is _____

A

isotonic (equal solute concentration)

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40
Q

Cells that are surrounded by a solution that has a greater concentration of solute than cells have, the water in the cells moves to the more concentrated solution and the cells dehydrate and shrink, the solution is _____

A

hypertonic (of greater concentration) in relation to the cells

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41
Q

Cells are surrounded by a solution that has less solute than the cells have, cells swell and over hydrate, the solution is ______

A

hypotonic (of less concentration)

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42
Q

Solutions are classified as _______, ______, and _______ according to their concentration of electrolytes and other solutes

A

isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic

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43
Q

What pressure keeps fluid from leaking out

A

osmotic

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44
Q

Any disease that affects circulation ultimately affects the distribution and composition of (b)____ (f)_____

A

body fluids

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45
Q

Any seriously ill pt is at risk for

A

fluid imbalance (body has too much or too little water)

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46
Q

Sodium concentration causes an osmotic pull, and water goes to where that concentration is highest because

A

water follows sodium in the body

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47
Q

Which pt is at risk for fluid volume deficit

A

pt’s unable to take in sufficient quantities of fluid because of impaired swallowing, extreme weakness, disorientation, coma, or the unavailability of water and pt’s who lose excessive amounts of fluid through prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhage, diaphoresis, or excessive wound drainage, pt’s who are on diuretics or pt’s with GI suctioning without fluid replacement, burn pt’s

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48
Q

how dehydration works

A

Too little water in plasma water is drawn out of the cells by osmosis to equalize the concentration and the cells shrivel

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49
Q

signs of overhydration (work from head down- w___ g____, c____ in l_____, slow b_____ p______, e_____ b_____ p_____, and possible)

A

weight gain, crackles in lungs, slow bounding pulse, elevated blood pressure, possibly edema

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50
Q

Generalized edema most visible in

A

hands and face

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51
Q

Causes of generalized edema

A

kidney failure, heart failure, liver failure, hormonal disorders involving overproduction of aldosterone and ADH

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52
Q

Local edema may be caused by

A

infection or injury and the resulting inflammation

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53
Q

What’s in the vascular space determines fluid

A

volume deficit vs overload, or balance

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54
Q

What type of protein is responsible for maintaining colloid osmotic pressure (and keeping fluid in the vascular compartment)

A

plasma proteins

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55
Q

In cases of severe protein deficiency, it’s possible to see peripheral (e)_____ in the presence of a fluid volume deficit due to decreased colloid osmotic pressure

A

edema

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56
Q

Hyponatremia can occur from (s)_____ loss or an excess of (w)______ and when fluid loss is replaced with p_____ w____; decreased secretion of (a)_____ can result in hyponatremia; is this the most common electrolyte imbalance?

A

sodium, water, and excessive vomiting or diarrhea when the fluid loss is replaced with plain water; aldosterone; yes

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57
Q

Heart failure, liver disease with ascites, and sometimes chronic kidney failure result in excessive water retention without concurrent sodium retention resulting in

A

hypervolemia combined with hyponatremia

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58
Q

Sodium function (think head down-transmission of n____ i_____ + 5 ; intra or extracellular

A

neuromuscular irritability, the transmission of nerve impulses, a major role in the regulation of water balance, contractility of the heart, acid-base balance, electroneutrality; extracellular cation

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59
Q

Potassium intra or extracellular

A

intracellular cation

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60
Q

Calcium function (formation of (2), b____ c_____, normal n_____ and m_____ activity)

A

formation of bone and teeth, blood coagulation, normal nerve, and muscle activity

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61
Q

Magnesium

A

building bones and teeth, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, metabolic creation acting as cofactor to cellular enzymes

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62
Q

Phosphate

A

formation of ATP, cofactor in carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism, activates B-complex vitamins

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63
Q

Chloride

A

acid-base balance, important in formation of hydrochloric acid for secretion to the stomach, plasma electroneutrality

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64
Q

Bicarbonate

A

buffer that neutralizes excess acids in body, acid-base balance

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65
Q

Who is more susceptible to hyponatremia older or younger patient; SSRIs and which diuretics put pt’s more at risk

A

older, and in long-term care; thiazide

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66
Q

Foods high in potassium

A

Apricots, avocados, bananas, cantaloupe, codfish dates, meat, milk, orange juice, oranges, potatoes, raisins, salmon, and tuna

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67
Q

And balances of chloride, phosphate, and bicarbonate accompany (c)________ imbalances, because of the principle of electronneutrality

A

Cation

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68
Q

Hypochloremia is associated with

A

Hyponatremia

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69
Q

Hyperchloremia occurs along with_______ , and is a form of metabolic acidosis

A

Hypernatremia

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70
Q

HyperphosphatemIa commonly occurs in this type of organ failure

A

Commonly occurs in kidney failure

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71
Q

Patient undergoing diuretic therapy will be at risk for what type of fluid and electrolyte imbalance

A

Hypomagnesemia, hyperkalemia, when using potassium sparing diuretics, hypokalemia due to improper use of diuretics

72
Q

(mechanisms of edema formation ) Fluid overload: increased hydrostatic pressure in arterial end of capillary: will cause fluid movement into tissues, causing (e)______, and increased peripheral vascular resistance, which will cause increased left ventricular pressure, which will cause increased, left arterial pressure, which will cause pulmonary (e)______

A

Edema; edema

73
Q

Mechanisms of edema formation (4)

A

Fluid overload, decreased plasma in albumin, altered, lymphatic, function, tissue injury

74
Q

(Mechanisms of a edema formation): decreased plasma and albumin: decreased production of plasma proteins causes, decreased capillary, oncotic, pressure, causing decreased reabsorption of venous end resulting in

A

Edema

75
Q

(Mechanisms of edema formation): altered lymphatic function: lymphatic obstruction, decreases absorption of interstitial fluid, leading to decreased transport of capillary, filtered proteins, leading to increase tissue oncotic pressure which pulls fluid towards, leading to

A

Edema

76
Q

(Mechanisms of edema formation): tissue injury: increased capillary, permeability, leading to movement of plasma, protein in the tissues, leading to increase tissue, oncotic pressure reading to

A

Edema

77
Q

Acid-base balance is important to maintaining homeostasis in the body, because cell enzymes can function only within a very narrow range of

A

pH

78
Q

Cell metabolism constantly produces (c)_______ (d)_______, which combines with water to form carbonic acid, which immediately breaks down into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions

A

Carbon dioxide

79
Q

Concentration of hydrogen ions determines

A

pH reading

80
Q

Because of the production of asses by the body’s metabolic systems in the body tends to become ______ if homeostasis is upset

A

Acidic

81
Q

Three control mechanisms for maintaining pH balance

A

Blood buffer system, lungs, urinary system

82
Q

Blood buffer system consists of weak _____ & weak ______

A

Acids and bases

83
Q

In the lungs, hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ion dissociation reaction can be reversed, water, and CO2 are reformed, carbon dioxide and water are expired from the lungs, decreasing the amount of ______ from the body

A

Acid

84
Q

Lungs can either expel more carbon dioxide or conservate to help b_____ the pH

A

Balance

85
Q

In the kidney, enzymes promote the dissociation of carbonic acid to free hydrogen ions, which can be___; bicarbonate ions are then returned to the blood…

A

excreted in the urine ; I to restore the levels of buffer

86
Q

Kidney reduce the acid content of the serum by

A

Exchanging hydrogen for sodium with the help of aldosterone

87
Q

Kidneys can neutralize acids by combining them with

A

Ammonia and other chemicals

88
Q

Four types of acid-base imbalances

A

Respiratory acidosis, metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic alkalosis

89
Q

What is measured to determine an acid-base imbalance?

A

pH, arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure and bicarbonate ion

90
Q

An increase in hydrogen ions results in _____; decrease in hydrogen ion results in _______

A

Acidosis (decrease in pH); alkalosis (increase in pH)

91
Q

Acid - base imbalances maybe acute or

A

Chronic

92
Q

Initial change in carbon dioxide is nearly always, the result of a

A

Respiratory disorder

93
Q

Disorders that show an initial change in bicarbonate ions are

A

Metabolic

94
Q

Causes of respiratory acidosis

A

slow shallow respirations/ hypoventilation; respiratory congestion, or obstruction;(chronic respiratory acidosis) COPD, severe pneumonia, or excessive sedation (opioid medication’s); respiratory muscle weakness; asthma, or chest injuries

95
Q

Respiratory acidosis s/s

A

Hypoventilation, dyspnea, anxiety, confusion

96
Q

Metabolic acidosis causes

A

Shock (lactic acidosis), diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acid (due to faulty metabolism), kidney failure (decreased excretion of acids and decreased production of bicarbonate), diarrhea, starvation;
Excessive loss of bicarbonate ions, or increased production or retention of hydrogen ions. (Also occurs when large amounts of acid are produced within the body due to more energy than usual being extended in lactic acid building up = lactic acidosis)

97
Q

Metabolic acidosis s/s

A

Kussmaul respirations, headache, confusion, malaise

98
Q

Respiratory alkalosis causes

A

Hyperventilation caused by anxiety or pain, mechanical ventilation

99
Q

Respiratory alkalosis s/s

A

Hyperventilation, confusion, lightheadedness

100
Q

Metabolic alkalosis causes

A

Vomiting, prolonged, gastric section, hypocalemia, medications, diuretics, antacids or bicarbonate, mineralocorticoids

101
Q

Metabolic alkalosis s/s

A

Hypoventilation, confusion, numbness, or tingling, decreased LOC

102
Q

Effects of acidosis; evidence that the compensatory mechanisms at work and metabolic acidosis (what breath) and secretion of urine with a high or low pH

A

Depresses the nervous system, causing headache, lethargy, weakness, and confusion. If unrelieved, and death; Kussmaul, respirations and secretion of urine with low pH

103
Q

Kussmaul’s respiration is the body’s attempt to correct acidosis by

A

“Blowing off” carbon dioxide, which is an acid

104
Q

Hyperventilation results in this; caused by; treatment

A

respiratory alkalosis; usually caused by anxiety, high fever, OD on aspirin, or head injuries; pt may temporarily breathe through a rebreather mask that mixes the excessive exhaled CO2 with O2 so that more CO2 is inhaled

105
Q

most common reason for metabolic alkalosis

A

diuretic administration, also vomiting, GI suctioning, and excessive antacid use

106
Q

Hypokalemia is associated with metabolic alkalosis or metabolic acidosis

A

metabolic alkalosis

107
Q

Effects of alkalosis

A

irritability of the nervous system, restlessness, muscle twitching, tingling, and numbness of fingers. If progression occurs, tetany (severe muscle cramps, carpopedal spasms, laryngeal spasm, and stridor) occurs, and seizures and coma results

108
Q

Daily way of tracking alterations in fluid balance

A

tracking daily weight- gain or loss of 1kg in 24 hrs indicates gain or loss of 1 L of fluid

109
Q

A weak thready pulse of >100 may be an early sign of

A

decreased vascular volume from fluid volume deficit

110
Q

severe fluid volume deficit decreases blood flow to the brain and results in decreased

A

sensorium and confusion

111
Q

Assessing vital signs for fluid volume deficit

A

measure bp and pulse lying, sitting and standing. Orthostatic pressure.

112
Q

Neuromuscular irritability is assessed when imbalances in c______ and m_______ are suspected

A

calcium and magnesium

113
Q

Check for Chvostek and Trousseau signs when c______ or m______ deficit is a possibility

A

calcium or magnesium

114
Q

In suspicion of dehydration in older adults check these instead of skin turgor

A

dry mucous membranes, concentrated urine

115
Q

Giving K+ when urine output is inadequate could cause

A

kidney damage

116
Q

which part of the brain helps control fluid balance in the body

A

hypothalamus

117
Q

Condition caused by inadequate intake of calcium and possible overuse of laxatives containing phosphates

A

hypocalcemia

118
Q

Intravascular fluid is found at which site in the body

A

within the blood vessels and consists of plasma and fluid

119
Q

Interstitial fluid is found at which site in the body

A

found in the space surrounding the cells

120
Q

transcellular fluid is found at which site in the body

A

the fluid found in the urinary system and lymphatics

121
Q

Which type of IV fluid is used for fluid loss from vomiting and diarrhea, for those waiting for blood products, and for fluid loss during surgery

A

Isotonic

122
Q

Pt with chronic COPD might have which acid-base imbalance

A

Respiratory acidosis

123
Q

Pt with renal failure may have which acid-base imbalance

A

metabolic acidosis

124
Q

Pt who is vomiting may be at risk for this acid-base imbalance

A

metabolic alkalosis

125
Q

Pt with a head injury may be at risk for this acid-base imbalance

A

respiratory alkalosis

126
Q

Thirst mechanism found in which location & helps control fluid balance in the body

A

hypothalamus

127
Q

Example of local edema

A

inflammation after infection or injury

128
Q

Hyperventilation occurs in respiratory alkalosis or acidosis

A

alkalosis

129
Q

which kind of movement would describe raisins becoming larger in size after being left in water overnight

A

osmosis: water moving through a semipermeable membrane from the area of less solute concentration to an area of greater concentration until the solutions are of equal concentration

130
Q

What organ secrets Renin and why

A

Kidneys because of a blood volume issue, and convert angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1

131
Q

Renin secreted by kidneys converts to Angiotension 1 and can not be converted to Angiotension 2 by this enzyme

A

angiotensin-converting-enzyme

132
Q

Angiotensinogen secreted by which organ

A

Liver in response to low bp or low sodium

133
Q

further converting of the angiotensin enzyme into angiotensin 2 is done by what enzyme; where is this enzyme found

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE); pulmonary circulation, adrenal gland, brain, and heart

134
Q

Ace converting enzyme changes angiotensin1 to angiotensin 2, this is a vaso_____

A

vasoconstrictor

135
Q

When angiotensin 2 is secreted signals kidney to increase Na+/H+ activity (water retention), posterior pituitary to secrete A______, vascular smooth muslce h______, hypothalamus stimulates t______, adrenal cortex secretes a______

A

ADH, hypertension, thirst, aldosterone

136
Q

Na+ function

A

water regulation, balance

137
Q

K+ function

A

nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, plasma, acid-base balance

138
Q

Ca+ function

A

muscle activity, blood coagulation

139
Q

Magnesium

A

nerve impulse transmission. muscle contraction

140
Q

Chloride

A

hydrochloric acid production, acid-base balance

141
Q

Bicarbonate

A

acid-base balance

142
Q

acid-base balance electrolytes

A

bicarb, chloride, potassium, sodium

143
Q

Phosphate

A

ATP production

144
Q

Nerve impulse transmission electrolytes

A

magnesium. potassium,

145
Q

These substances dissociate into ions when dissolved in water

A

electrolytes

146
Q

These substances do not form ion sand do not conduct electricity when placed in water

A

non-electrolytes

147
Q

Approx 1/3 of total body water, transports water, nutrients, oxygen, and waste to and from the cells. Regulated by renal, metabolic, and neurologic factors. High in sodium content - what type of fluid

A

extracellular fluid

148
Q

Fluid within the blood vessels consists of plasma and fluid within blood cells, and contains large amounts of protein and electrolytes- what type of fluid

A

intravascular fluid

149
Q

Fluid in the spaces surrounding the cells, high in sodium content -what type of fluid

A

interstitial fluid

150
Q

includes aqueous humor, saliva, cerebrospinal, pleural, peritoneal, synovial, and pericardial fluids, gi secretions, and fluid in the urinary system and lymphatics -what type of fluid

A

transcellular fluid

151
Q

about 2/3 of total body fluid, contained within the cell walls, most cell walls are permeable to water, high in potassium content- what type of fluid

A

intracellular fluid

152
Q

Composed of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, carried in plasma

A

blood

153
Q

anything that alters body fluid also alters p_____ v_______, and can affect circulation, and bp

A

plasma volume

154
Q

Distribution of body fluids:

A

Intracellular (within cell body)
Extracellular (outside cell body): interstitial, intravascular, transcellular

155
Q

Glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, and other small ions and molecules by d_____

A

diffusion; substance moves from high to low concentration until concentration on both sides of the membrane are equal

156
Q

Hydrostatic pressure causes fluid to press outward on the vessel, promoting filtration and forcing m______ of water and electrolytes through the capillary wall to the interstitial fluid

A

movement

157
Q

Signs of d_____: thirst, weakness, dizziness, postural hypotension, decreased urine, dry mucous membranes, thick saliva, dry and scaly skin, poor tissue turgor, concentrated urine, dry and cracked lips, flat neck veins, increased pulse rate, weak and thread pulse, elevated temp

A

dehydration

158
Q

Signs of o______: weight gain, crackles in lungs (wet lungs), slow bounding pulse, elevated bp, possible edema

A

overhydration

159
Q

hypernatremia: most commonly from water loss from fever or r____ i_____; MODEL

A

respiratory infection; Medications, meals (too much salt), Osmotic diuretics, Diabetes insipidus, Excessive water loss, Low water intake

160
Q

Hyponatremia: s/s; causes

A

(in the mind) lethargy, headache, confusion, apprehension, seizures, coma; dilution as a result of excess water, or sodium loss- situational: GI suctioning, diarrhea, inadequate salt intake, vomiting, diuretics, fluid shift from ICF to ECF by hypertonic solutions (which leads to dilutional hyponatremia)

161
Q

Hypokalemia: s/s (A SIC WALT); causes

A

Alkalosis, Shallow respirations, Irritability, Confusion/drowsiness, Weakness/fatigue, Arrhythmias/tachycardia, Lethargy, and Thready pulse. Decreased intestinal motility, n/v; excess potassium or loss of body water maybe from poor diet, vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating or diuretic therapy

162
Q

Hyperkalemia: s/s (MADE O low); causes

A

Muscle cramps/ weakness/paralysis, Abdominal cramping, Drowsiness, dysrhythmias, diarrhea, EKG changes, oliguria, low bp ; burns, crush injuries, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, and renal failure

163
Q

Hypocalcemia: s/s (CATS); occurs

A

Convulsion, Arrhythmias, Tetany, Spasm and stridor; nutritional deficiency or ca or vit D, disorders in which there is a shift of ca into bone

164
Q

Hypercalcemia: s/s (BACK ME); causes

A

most cases related to hyperparathyroidism, or malignancy with bone reorption; Bone pain, Arrhythmias, Cardiac arrest, Kidney stones, Muscle weakness, Excessive urination;

165
Q

Hypomagnesemia: causes

A

malabsorption, malnutrition, renal tubular dysfunction, thiazide diuretic use, and extensive gastric suction, or diarrhea

166
Q

Hypermagnesemia: causes

A

only in presence of renal failure

167
Q

intracellular electrolytes

A

potassium, magnesium

168
Q

Extracellular electrolytes

A

sodium

169
Q

Carbonic acid retained or removed by r______ s_______

A

respiratory system

170
Q

Bicarbonate retained or removed by k_______

A

kidneys

171
Q

Bicarbonate = buffer, what does this buffer

A

buffer to neutralize excess acids in the body

172
Q

K______ selectively reabsorb or excrete bicarbonate to regulate serum levels and help maintain acid-base balance

A

kidneys

173
Q

Increased carbon dioxide levels come from:

A

airway obstruction, pneumonia, asthma, chest injuries, opiate intake, chronic obstructive lung disease

174
Q

Metabolic acidosis: Excessive loss of bicarbonate ions or retention of hydrogen ions caused by

A

kidney disease, diabetic ketoacidosis, circulatory failure, shock states

175
Q

Respiratory alkalosis: caused by

A

anxiety, high fever, hyperventilation, salicylate poisoning (ASA overdose), encephalitis

176
Q

Metabolic alkalosis: caused by

A

vomiting, GI suctioning, excessive antacid consumption, diuretic therapy, K+ deficit

Fundamentals (6 decks)

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